Uhlobo Lweqiniso Ngokusho kukaPlato
UPlato, isazi sefilosofi sasendulo esingumGreki kanye nomfundi kaSocrates, ube ngomunye wabantu abanethonya elikhulu emlandweni wemicabango yaseNtshonalanga. Phakathi kwemibono eminingi ayithuthukisa, umqondo wakhe weqiniso mhlawumbe ungomunye wemibono ejulile neyinselele kakhulu. Ngezingxoxo zakhe ezahlukahlukene kanye nemibhalo, ikakhulukazi emsebenzini wakhe othi "The Republic," uPlato wahlola umqondo weqiniso nokuthi singawuqonda kanjani.
Umbono Wezwe Lemibono
UPlato wasungula inkolelo-mbono eveza imihlaba emibili: umhlaba onengqondo (noma umhlaba obonakalayo esiwubonayo futhi esiwuqondayo ngezinzwa zethu) kanye nomhlaba wemibono (noma umhlaba wezinhlobo esingawuqonda kuphela ngengqondo yethu). Umhlaba onengqondo yizwe esilibona nsuku zonke, eliqukethe izinto ezibonakalayo ezishintsha njalo nezingaphelele. Ngokuphambene nalokho, umhlaba wemibono ungunaphakade, awuguquki, futhi uphelele, ikhaya “leZimo” noma “Imibono,” okuyizinto ezingezona ezenyama ezihlanganisa ingqikithi yangempela yazo zonke izinto.
Ingqikithi yenkolelo-mbono kaPlato ukuthi iqiniso lemizwa limane nje liwukubonakaliswa kweqiniso eliphakeme, izwe lezinhlobo. Isibonelo, umuthi ezweni lemizwa umane nje awubonakalisi "Isihlahla" esifanele ezweni lezinhlobo. Kulo mbono, konke esikubonayo nesikuzwayo kumane nje kuwukubonakaliswa kwesikhashana komqondo omsulwa noweqiniso okhona ezweni lezinhlobo.
Inganekwane Yomhume
Ukuze acacise lo mqondo, uPlato wadala indaba edumile engokomfanekiso, ethi “Inganekwane Yomhume,” etholakala encwadini yakhe ethi “The Republic.” Kule ndaba, iqembu labantu belilokhu livaleleke emhumeni kusukela lizalwa, liboshwe ngamaketanga ukuze libone kuphela udonga lomhume phambi kwalo. Ngemuva kwalo kukhona umlilo, futhi phakathi komlilo neziboshwa kunezinto ezahlukahlukene ezihanjiswa ngabantu. Izithunzi zalezi zinto zibekwe odongeni lomhume, futhi yilona iqiniso kuphela iziboshwa ezaziyo.
Ngolunye usuku, esinye seziboshwa sakwazi ukuzikhulula sabaleka emhumeni. Ekuqaleni, wayephuphuthekiswe ukukhanya kwelanga okukhanyayo futhi wayenenkinga yokuqonda umhlaba ongaphandle komhume. Kodwa-ke, kancane kancane waqala ukuqaphela ukuthi okwakungaphandle komhume kwakuyiqiniso langempela. Wabona izinto zangempela ayezibone emthunzini wazo ngaphambilini. Ngemva kokuqonda iqiniso langaphandle, wabuyela emhumeni ukuyotshela ezinye iziboshwa. Kodwa-ke, ezinye iziboshwa zenqaba ukumkholwa futhi zambheka njengohlanya.
Ngale nganekwane, uPlato ubonisa ukuthi abantu abaningi baphila ekukhohlisweni, begxile ezithunzini zomhlaba wezinzwa ngaphandle kokuqaphela ukuthi kukhona umhlaba wangempela wezinhlobo. USocrates, kule ngxoxo, ufundisa ukuthi umsebenzi wesazi sefilosofi ukuzikhulula yena nabanye kulo mbono ngokusebenzisa ukucabanga nokuqonda okujulile.
Ukubaluleka Kokucabanga (Nous)
UPlato wagomela ngokuthi ukuqonda kwangempela kweqiniso akunakufinyelelwa ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwezinzwa kuphela, kodwa kunalokho ngokusebenzisa ukucabanga, noma u-nous. Ezweni lezinhlobo, ukucabanga kusebenza njengethuluzi lokuqonda imibono emsulwa neyomhlaba wonke. Isibonelo, imibono mayelana nobulungiswa, ubuhle, noma ubuhle ayinakuqondwa ngokugcwele ngezibonelo ngazinye ezitholakala ezweni lezinzwa, kodwa kunalokho ngemibono ejwayelekile etholakala engqondweni.
Ngokuphathelene nemfundo, uPlato wasikisela ukuthi abantu akufanele bathembele ekubukeni kwezinzwa kuphela kodwa futhi bathuthukise amakhono okucabanga abucayi nawokuhlaziya ukuze bafinyelele ukuqonda kwangempela. Imfundo ekahle kaPlato ihola abantu ebumnyameni bomhume baye ekukhanyeni kolwazi ngokuhlakulela ukucabanga.
I-Epistemology kanye neMetaphysics kaPlato
UPlato uphinde wanikeza ukuqonda okujulile nge-epistemology—igatsha lefilosofi eliphathelene nombono wolwazi. Wahlukanisa phakathi kwe-doxa (umbono) kanye ne-episteme (ulwazi lweqiniso). I-Doxa ulwazi olusekelwe ekuboneni nasekuboneni imizwa, olungashintsha futhi oluvame ukuba namaphutha. Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-episteme ulwazi olusekelwe ekuqondeni izinhlobo eziqinile nezingaguquki.
Ku-metaphysics yakhe, uPlato wabeka umhlaba wemibono noma amafomu endaweni ephakeme kuneqiniso elingokoqobo. Amafomu ayebhekwa njengangempela kakhulu ngoba ayengathinteki izinguquko zesikhathi noma izimo ezingokoqobo. Isibonelo, izinombolo noma imiqondo yezibalo, njengezinombolo noma izibalo zejiyometri, zazibhekwa njengezinhlobo ezimsulwa nezingaguquki, ngokungafani nezinto ezingokoqobo, ezihlala zisesimweni sokushintsha nokubhujiswa.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwemfundiso KaPlato Empilweni Yanamuhla
Nakuba umbono kaPlato womhlaba wezinhlobo ungabonakala ungowasendulo noma ongaqondakali kwabanye, imibono yakhe isasebenza emikhakheni eyahlukene njengefilosofi, isayensi yokuqonda, kanye nombono wolwazi. Emfundweni, isibonelo, ukubaluleka kokucabanga okubucayi nokuhlaziya okwagcizelelwa uPlato kusalokhu kuyitshe lesisekelo lezifundo zemfundo zanamuhla. Imibono kaPlato ngomhlaba wemibono iphinde itholakale emibonweni eyahlukahlukene ebuza uhlobo lweqiniso kanye nombono wethu ngomhlaba.
Ezweni lesayensi, umqondo wamamodeli kanye nemibono emelela iqiniso langempela kunokuba kube ukubuka nje okungacacile kwezehlakalo nakho kubonisa ukucabanga kukaPlato. Isibonelo, imibono yemvelo echaza izinhlayiya ezingaphansi kwe-athomu noma ukuhlobana ingabhekwa njengefana nomqondo kaPlato wezinhlobo , ngoba le mibono ichaza izakhiwo eziyisisekelo ezithonya iqiniso esilizwayo ngezinzwa zethu.
Ukugxekwa Kwemfundiso KaPlato
Naphezu kokulandelwa kwayo kabanzi, inkolelo-mbono kaPlato nayo yagxekwa, kokubili yizazi zefilosofi zangaleso sikhathi kanye nezazi zefilosofi zangaleso sikhathi. Umfundi odumile kaPlato, u-Aristotle, wagxeka umqondo womhlaba wezinhlobo, ethi izinhlobo azikwazi ukuba khona ngaphandle kwezinto ezibonakalayo. Ngokusho kuka-Aristotle, ingqikithi yazo zonke izinto itholakala ezweni lazo elibonakalayo, hhayi ezweni elihlukile lemibono.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, esimweni sanamuhla, imibono kaPlato ivame ukubhekwa njengengacabangi kakhulu futhi kunzima ukuyifakazela ngokwesayensi. Isayensi yanamuhla ivame ukuthembela ekubukeni nasekuhlolweni ukuze iqonde iqiniso, indlela ehluke kakhulu endleleni kaPlato yokwenza izinto ngendlela yemvelo.
Isiphetho
Ngokusho kukaPlato, ingqikithi yeqiniso ukuhlukana phakathi kwezwe lezinzwa esilibonayo kanye nezwe lezinhlobo ezingaqondwa kuphela ngokucabanga. Ngemisebenzi yakhe, ikakhulukazi ethi "The Republic" kanye nethi "The Myth of the Cave," uPlato waveza ukuthi iqiniso langempela lingaphezu kokuqonda kwethu kwezinzwa futhi lingafinyelelwa kuphela ngokuqonda okujulile ngengqondo. Imibono yakhe yezinhlobo kanye nezwe lemibono inikeze isisekelo esijulile sefilosofi futhi isalokhu iyizihloko ezifanelekile zengxoxo namuhla. Naphezu kokugxekwa okuningi kwenkolelo-mbono yakhe, ukucabanga kukaPlato kusalokhu kuyisisekelo esibalulekile sokuqonda uhlobo lweqiniso nolwazi.
