Umbono we-Utilitarianism ngesijeziso
I-Utilitarianism ingenye yezinkolelo-mbono zokuziphatha ezinethonya elikhulu kwifilosofi yesimanje yokuziphatha neyezombusazwe. Imfundiso yayo eyinhloko ilula: isenzo silungile kuze kube yilapho sikhiqiza okuhle noma injabulo enkulu kubantu abaningi. Uma sisetshenziswa endabeni yesijeziso, i-utilitarianism inikeza umbono oyingqayizivele, ovame ukuhluka emcabangweni wesijeziso njengokuthi “impindiselo” noma “isijeziso esifanele.” Ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-utilitarian, isijeziso asifaneleki ngoba umenzi wobubi “ufanelwe ukuhlupheka,” kodwa kunalokho ngoba kulindeleke ukuthi siveze imiphumela emihle emphakathini wonke.
Umqondo Oyisisekelo Wokusebenzisa Izinto Ezifanele
Abasekeli abayinhloko be-utilitarianism yakudala kwakunguJeremy Bentham noJohn Stuart Mill. I-Bentham yaqala ngomqondo wokuthi abantu ngokwemvelo bafuna injabulo futhi bagweme ubuhlungu. Ngakho-ke, ukuziphatha komphakathi—kufaka phakathi umthetho wobugebengu—kufanele kuhlelwe ukuze kwandiswe injabulo futhi kuncishiswe ukuhlupheka. Okwamanje, uMill wathuthukisa i-utilitarianism ngokugcizelela ikhwalithi yenjabulo, hhayi nje ubuningi bayo. Bobabili bavumelana ngokuthi imiphumela yomphakathi iyisihluthulelo sokwahlulela kokuziphatha.
Ngokomongo womthetho wobugebengu, i-utilitarianism ibheka umbuso njengesikhungo esigunyaziwe ukusebenzisa ukuphoqelela (kufaka phakathi isijeziso) ngenhloso enkulu yomphakathi. Kodwa-ke, noma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa kokuphoqelela kumele kuhlolwe: ingabe inzuzo idlula ukulimala noma ukuhlupheka okubangelwa yiyo?
Isijeziso Njengendlela, Hhayi Isiphetho
Umbono obaluleke kakhulu we-Utilitarianism ngesijeziso uhlobo lwayo olusetshenziswayo. Isijeziso siyindlela yokufeza imigomo ethile yomphakathi, hhayi ukuphela ngokwako. Ukuhlupheka okubhekene nabalahliwe akuyona "okuhle," kodwa kunalokho kuyindleko engathethelelwa kuphela uma ikhiqiza okuhle okukhulu. Ngakho-ke, i-utilitarianism ivame ukuba nobutha nesijeziso esiveza kuphela noma esithinta imizwa, njengezijeziso ezinzima ngokweqile ukuze nje kwanelise intukuthelo yomphakathi.
UBentham waze wagomela ngokuthi isijeziso sihlala siletha "ububi" ngoba sibangela ukuhlupheka. Ngakho-ke, isijeziso sifaneleka kuphela uma singavimbela ububi obukhulu. Kulokhu kuvela isimiso esibalulekile: isijeziso akufanele sibekwe uma singenamsebenzi.
Inhloso Yesijeziso Ngokusho Kwe-Utilitarianism
Ngaphakathi kohlaka olusebenzayo, kunezinjongo eziningana eziyinhloko zesijeziso ezivame ukuxoxwa ngazo.
1. Ukuvimbela
Ukuvimbela kuyisizathu esivamile kakhulu sokusebenzisa. Isijeziso sihloselwe ukunciphisa ubugebengu ngokuvimbela abantu ekuphuleni umthetho. Ukuvimbela kungaba okuvamile (ukuvimbela umphakathi kabanzi ekwenzeni ubugebengu ngenxa yemiphumela ebonwayo) noma okuqondile (ukuvimbela umenzi wobubi ofanayo ekuphindeni izenzo zakhe). Uma usongo lwesijeziso lucacile, luqinisekile, futhi lulingana, abaphula umthetho abangaba khona bazohlola izingozi futhi bakhethe ukungenzi ubugebengu.
Kodwa i-utilitarianism idinga nokuqapha. Isijeziso esibi singase sibangele ukwesaba, kodwa uma sinzima kakhulu, singadala ukuhlupheka okukhulu emphakathini, siphazamise ukufaneleka komthetho, futhi sikhuthaze nobudlova obengeziwe. Ngakho-ke, i-utilitarianism ayigcini nje ngokuba "lukhuni kakhulu," kodwa kunalokho "isebenza kangakanani isijeziso esinezindleko ezincane kakhulu emphakathini."
2. Ukukhubazeka
Ukungakwazi ukuzenzela izinto kusho ukunciphisa ikhono lomuntu owenze icala lokwenza olunye ubugebengu, isibonelo ngokuboshwa. Lokhu kuyafaneleka uma umuntu owenze icala esengozini enkulu yokuphinda enze icala futhi uma ukuvinjelwa kunciphisa ukulimala okukhulu emphakathini. Ngokombono wosizo, ukuboshwa akusikho ukujeziswa kokuziphatha, kodwa kuyindlela yokuvikela umphakathi.
Kodwa-ke, abantu abasebenzisa utilitarians bangabaza inani lezigwebo ezinde ngokweqile uma inzuzo eyengeziwe incane. Uma umuntu owenze icala engasabi yingozi ngemva kweminyaka embalwa, ukwelula isikhathi sokuboshwa kwenezela kuphela ukuhlupheka nezindleko ngaphandle kwezinzuzo ezihambisanayo.
3. Ukuvuselelwa
Ukuvuselelwa kuhambisana kakhulu ne-utilitarianism ngoba ihlose ukushintsha ukuziphatha komuntu owenze icala ukuze angaphindi athukuthele futhi abuyele ekubeni amalungu omphakathi akhiqizayo. Izinhlelo zemfundo, ukuqeqeshwa emsebenzini, ukwelashwa ngomlutha, kanye nokwelulekwa kungabhekwa njengokusebenzisa i-utilitarian uma kunciphisa ukuphinda kuhlukunyezwe futhi kuthuthukise inhlalakahle yomphakathi yesikhathi eside.
Kwabasebenzisa utilitarians, ukuvuselelwa okuphumelelayo kumelela inzuzo ekabili: izisulu ezingaba khona zesikhathi esizayo ziyavikelwa, kanti umuntu owenze icala uthola ithuba elingcono lokuphila. Kodwa-ke, abasebenzisa utilitarians bahlola nokuvuselelwa ngendlela ewusizo: izinhlelo kumele zisebenze kahle, ziqondiswe kahle, futhi zingachithi izinsiza ezingasetshenziselwa izidingo zomphakathi eziphuthumayo.
4. Ukubuyiselwa Nokubuyiselwa Kwabahlukunyeziwe
Nakuba kungakhulunywa ngaso sonke isikhathi ku-utilitarianism yakudala, imibono mayelana nokubuyiselwa kwesisulu—njengokubuyiselwa, ukulamula okujeziswayo, noma ubulungiswa bokubuyisela—ingathola ukwesekwa okuqinile ku-utilitarianism. Uma ukubuyiselwa kwesisulu kunciphisa ukuhlupheka, kulungisa umonakalo, futhi kuvimbele ukungqubuzana okuqhubekayo, khona-ke izinzuzo zomphakathi zinkulu. Izijeziso ezigxile ekubuyiselweni zingaba yindlela "ewusizo" kakhulu yokuboshwa ezimweni ezithile.
Isimiso Sokukhawulelwa Kwesijeziso: Ungenzi Okungaphezu Kokudingekile
Ngenxa yokuthi isijeziso siyindlela “ebizayo” yokuhlupheka, i-utilitarianism ithuthukisa imingcele eminingana evamile. Isijeziso kufanele:
1. Okuqinisekile nokungaguquguquki: ukuvimbela ngempumelelo ukwephulwa kwemithetho.
2. Ukulingana kwezinsizakusebenza: hhayi okulingana njengempendulo efanayo, kodwa okulingana nesidingo sokuvimbela kanye nokuvikelwa komphakathi.
3. Ukulinganisela: uma izijeziso ezilula zisebenza kahle ngokwanele, izijeziso ezinzima azinakufaneleka.
4. Ukungabandlululi: ukubandlulula kubangela ukuhlupheka okwengeziwe futhi kulimaze ukwethenjwa komphakathi, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa izinzuzo eziphelele.
Ngakho-ke, ubuhlakani buvame ukusekela izinguquko zesistimu yobulungiswa ezinciphisa izijeziso ezingasebenzi kahle, zinciphise ukuminyana kwamajele, futhi zithathe indawo yokuboshwa ngezijeziso ezihlukile noma nini lapho kungenzeka.
Ukugxekwa kwe-Utilitarianism ekujezisweni
Nakuba kubonakala kunengqondo, utilitarianism ibhekene nokugxekwa okukhulu lapho isetshenziswa ekujezisweni.
Okokuqala, i-utilitarianism ingavumela ukuthethelelwa kwezenzo ezibhekwa njengezingalungile ngokwemvelo, njengokujezisa abangenacala uma kunikeza umphumela omkhulu wokuvimbela futhi kuvimbela ukulimala komphakathi. Emisebenzini yezomthetho yanamuhla, izimiso zokucatshangelwa kokungabi nacala kanye nenqubo efanele kuhloswe ngazo ukuvimbela imiphumela enjalo. Ama-Utilitarian ngokuvamile aphendula ngokuthi uhlelo oluvumela ukujeziswa kwabangenacala luzolimaza ukwethenjwa komphakathi futhi ekugcineni lunciphise inhlalakahle, kodwa lokhu kugxekwa kugqamisa ukungezwani phakathi kokusetshenziswa kanye nobulungiswa benqubo.
Okwesibili, ukulinganisa "izinzuzo" kanye "nokulimala" kuvame ukuba nzima. Singakuhlola kanjani ukuhlupheka kwezisulu, abenzi bobubi, imindeni yabo, kanye nomthelela wesikhathi eside emphakathini? Uma izilinganiso zingalungile, izinqubomgomo zokugweba zingaphambuka: zibe lula kakhulu futhi ngaleyo ndlela zehluleke ukuvimbela ubugebengu, noma zibe nzima kakhulu futhi zibangele ukulimala okukhulu emphakathini.
Okwesithathu, u-utilitarianism usengozini yokungazinaki isici sokuziphatha samalungelo abantu ngabanye. Uma abantu bebhekwa njengendlela yokuthola injabulo yeningi kuphela, amalungelo ayisisekelo angabekwa engcupheni. Yingakho izinhlelo eziningi zomthetho zanamuhla zihlanganisa izinto eziphathelene no-utilitarian (ukuvimbela ubugebengu) nezimiso ze-deontological (amalungelo abantu kanye nobulungiswa benqubo).
Ukubaluleka Kokusetshenziswa Kwezinto Ezifanele Kwenqubomgomo Yobugebengu Yanamuhla
Naphezu kokugxekwa kwayo, ukusebenzisa utilitarianism kubaluleke kakhulu ezingxoxweni zenqubomgomo yezijeziso zanamuhla. Ukuhlolwa okusekelwe ebufakazini—isibonelo, ucwaningo mayelana nokusebenza kahle kwezigwebo zasejele, izinhlelo zokuvuselela, noma ezinye izijeziso—kuhambisana nomoya wokusebenzisa utilitarian: ukukhetha izinqubomgomo ezinciphisa ubugebengu kanye nokuhlupheka kakhulu. Izinqubomgomo eziningi zanamuhla, njengokuphambukisa amacala amancane, izinhlelo zokuvuselela izidakamizwa, kanye nobulungiswa bokubuyisela, kungaqondwa njengokusetshenziswa kwesimiso sokusetshenziswa komuthi.
Kulesi simo, i-utilitarianism ikhuthaza umbuso ukuba uzibuze ngobuqotho: ingabe isijeziso esisikhiphayo siyanciphisa ubugebengu, noma ingabe empeleni siyenza ibe nkulu inkinga ngokucwaswa komphakathi, ukuwohloka kwezibopho zomndeni, kanye nokuvalwa kwamathuba emisebenzi? Uma imiphumela emibi yesijeziso idlula izinzuzo, i-utilitarianism ithi le nqubomgomo kufanele ishintshwe.
Isiphetho
Umbono wokusebenzisa isijeziso ngendlela ewusizo ugcizelela ukuthi isijeziso sisebenza kuphela uma siveza izinzuzo ezinkulu zomphakathi kunokuhlupheka esikubangelayo. Isijeziso siqondwa njengendlela yokuvimbela, ukuvikela umphakathi, ukuvuselela, kanye nokubuyisela isisulu—hhayi njengesijeziso. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenzisa indlela ewusizo kukhuthaza izinqubomgomo zokujezisa ezisebenzayo, ezilinganayo, nezisekelwe ebufakazini, kuyilapho futhi kusikhumbuza ukuthi isijeziso “siyindleko yokuziphatha” okumele ilawulwe.
Kodwa-ke, i-utilitarianism ibhekene nezinselele: umhlatshelo ongaba khona wobulungiswa bomuntu ngamunye ukuze kuzuze iningi kanye nobunzima bokulinganisa ngokunembile izinzuzo. Empeleni, indlela yokusebenzisa i-utilitarian inamandla kakhulu uma ihlanganiswa nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu kanye nezinqubo zomthetho ezifanele. Ngaleli bhalansi, i-utilitarianism ingaba yisisekelo esibalulekile sokuklama uhlelo lwesijeziso olunobuntu nolusebenzayo enhlalakahleni yomphakathi.
