Umnikelo kaSocrates ku-Dialectics
USocrates, isazi sefilosofi sasendulo samaGreki, uvame ukubhekwa njengomunye wabantu abanethonya elikhulu emlandweni wefilosofi. Nakuba engakaze abhale umsebenzi wefilosofi, imicabango yakhe ibhalwe kabanzi ngemisebenzi yabafundi bakhe, ikakhulukazi uPlato. Enye yeminikelo kaSocrates eyinhloko kwifilosofi kwaba ukuthuthukiswa kwendlela yokukhuluma, eyaziwa nangokuthi indlela yeSocratic. Le ndlela ayigcini nje ngokwakha isisekelo sefilosofi yaseNtshonalanga kodwa futhi ithonye neminye imikhakha eminingi. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngendlela uSocrates athuthukise futhi asebenzisa ngayo indlela yokukhuluma kanye nomthelela wayo kumongo wefilosofi nesayensi.
Indlela Yokukhuluma Nge-Socratic
I-Dialectic iyindlela yokuxoxisana noma yokuxoxisana esetshenziswa ukuhlola imibono eyahlukene nokuthola iqiniso ngemibuzo nezimpendulo kanye nempikiswano enengqondo. Le ndlela ihlose ukuthuthukisa ukuqonda okucacile kwemiqondo eyinkimbinkimbi. Esimweni se-Socrates, i-dialectic ayibhekiseli nje kuphela ebucikweni bengxoxo kodwa futhi nasenqubweni yokufuna iqiniso lokuziphatha.
Indlela kaSocrates yokukhuluma ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "iNdlela kaSocratic." USocrates wayebuza abantu ayekhuluma nabo imibuzo eyisisekelo, ehlose ukwembula imibono efihliwe kanye nokuphikisana ekucabangeni kwabo. Ngale ndlela, uSocrates wakhuthaza abantu ayekhuluma nabo ukuba bacabange ngokujulile nangokucabanga. Le ndlela yaziwa nangokuthi "elenchus," okusho ukuhlolwa noma ukubuza ngempikiswano.
Inqubo Nemigomo Yendlela YeSocratic
Kunezinyathelo eziningana endleleni yeSocratic uSocrates azisebenzisayo ezingxoxweni zakhe:
1. Umbuzo Wokuqala: USocrates wayezoqala ngombuzo wokuqala olula nocacile. Isibonelo, angase abuze, “Kuyini ubuhle?”
2. Ukuhlola Incazelo: Omunye umuntu ube esenikeza impendulo noma incazelo. USocrates ube esehlola le ncazelo ngokubuza eminye imibuzo, ehlose ukuhlola ukulinganiselwa kwayo kanye nemiphumela yayo.
3. Ukuvela Kokuphikisana: Ngochungechunge lwemibuzo, uSocrates wayevame ukuphumelela ekuboniseni ukuphikisana noma ubuthakathaka ezincazelweni noma ekuqondeni kwabantu akhuluma nabo.
4. Isiphetho: Uma kutholakala ukuphikisana, incazelo yokuqala ibhekwa njengenganele. Le nqubo iyaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho kutholakala ukuqonda okucacile nokuvumelanayo.
Umgomo oyinhloko wale ndlela ukuthola ukuqonda okucacile nokuzikhulula ekungazini. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokwemfundiso kodwa futhi kunemiphumela engokoqobo empilweni yansuku zonke, njengokuqonda izindinganiso zokuziphatha noma izimiso zobulungiswa.
Ukusetshenziswa Ezingxoxweni ZikaPlato
Ukusetshenziswa kwendlela ye-Socratic dialectical kungabonakala ngokucacile ezingxoxweni zikaPlato, lapho kuboniswe khona kahle kakhulu. Izingxoxo ezifana ne-“Meno,” “Euthyphro,” “Republic,” kanye ne-“Phaedo” zibonisa ukuhlola kukaSocrates izinkinga zefilosofi ngendlela ye-dialectical.
Ngokwesibonelo, ku-“Euthyphro,” uSocrates ubuza u-Euthyphro ngesimo sokuzinikela. Ngochungechunge lwemibuzo, uSocrates uhlola incazelo yokuqala ka-Euthyphro futhi uyiphonsela inselelo ngemiphumela enengqondo yaleyo ncazelo, okubonisa ukuthi ukuqonda kuka-Euthyphro ngokuzinikela akwanele.
Ithonya Esayensini Nasefilosofini
Ithonya lendlela kaSocrates yokukhuluma yayibanzi futhi ijulile. Yanikeza isisekelo sendlela yesayensi esetshenziswa namuhla, ethembele ekuhloleni imibono ngokubuka nokuhlola, kanye nokubuyekeza imibono esekelwe kokutholakele okusha.
1. Ifilosofi: Kufilosofi, indlela yeSocrates isibe yisisekelo samasiko ahlukahlukene efilosofi yengxoxo. Le ndlela ifundisa ukubaluleka kokucabanga okujulile, ukungabaza imibono, kanye nokubaluleka kwengxoxo ekufuneni iqiniso. Izazi zefilosofi ezifana noHegel kamuva zathuthukisa i-dialectics ngokwengeziwe, yize yayisesimweni esiyinkimbinkimbi nesibanzi.
2. Imfundo: Kwezemfundo, indlela yokufundisa kaSocrates esekelwe emibuzweni ithonye amafilosofi amaningi emfundo anamuhla. Le ndlela, eyaziwa ngokuthi 'iSocratic Seminar,' ikhuthaza abafundi ukuba bacabange ngokujulile futhi baphikise imibono yabo ngokusekelwe ezimpikiswaneni ezinengqondo.
3. Umthetho: Emsebenzini wezomthetho, indlela yokukhuluma iyasiza enkambisweni yophenyo lwezomthetho. Abameli bavame ukusebenzisa le ndlela ukuhlola ubufakazi kanye nezimpikiswano enkantolo.
4. Ukwelapha Ngengqondo: Le ndlela isetshenziswa futhi nasekwelashweni ngengqondo, ikakhulukazi ezindleleni ezigxile ekubuzeni imibuzo ukusiza amaklayenti ukuthi aqaphele futhi abhekane nezinkolelo zawo.
Ukuhlola Okubalulekile Nokufaneleka
Nakuba indlela ye-Socratic dialectical inezinzuzo eziningi ezinhle, iphinde yathola ukugxekwa okuthile. Okunye kokugxekwa okukhulu ukuthi i-Socratic dialectic ingaba nethonya elibi kakhulu futhi elibhubhisayo, igxile kakhulu ekuhlaziyeni izimpikiswano zabanye kunokunikeza imibono emihle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanye bathi le ndlela ngezinye izikhathi ingaholela ekungabazeni ngokweqile.
Kodwa-ke, ukubaluleka kwendlela ye-Socratic dialectical kusalokhu kungenakuphikwa. Ezweni lolwazi oluyinkimbinkimbi futhi oluvame ukuphikisana, indlela ebucayi neyokuzindla efundiswa uSocrates isabalulekile. Enkathini ye-inthanethi, lapho ulwazi olungelona iqiniso lungasakazeka khona ngokushesha, ikhono lokucabanga ngokujulile nokuhlola izinkolelo-mbono libaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili.
Isiphetho
Iminikelo kaSocrates ku-dialectic iyingqophamlando emlandweni wefilosofi nesayensi. Indlela yeSocratic ayigcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukuqonda okucacile kwemibono yokuziphatha neyefilosofi kodwa futhi ifundisa ukubaluleka kokucabanga okubucayi nokucabangayo. Ngokuqonda nokusebenzisa le ndlela ezindaweni ezahlukene zokuphila, singathuthukisa ikhwalithi yokucabanga kwethu, ingxoxo, kanye nezinqumo. Ifa likaSocrates ku-dialectic liyisikhumbuzo esihlala njalo sokuthi ukufuna iqiniso kuyinqubo eqhubekayo, edinga ukuqina, ukwethembeka kwengqondo, kanye nesibindi sokungabaza izinkolelo zethu.
