I-Hermeneutics kanye ne-Theory of Interpretation kaHans Georg Gadamer
I-Hermeneutics iyisifundo sefilosofi esigxile embonweni nasekusetshenzisweni kokuhumusha, ikakhulukazi imibhalo. Imvelaphi yegama elithi "hermeneutics" ingalandelwa emuva kunkulunkulu wamaGreki uHermes, owayesebenza njengesithunywa phakathi konkulunkulu nabantu, kanye nomhumushi wentando yonkulunkulu. Ngomqondo wanamuhla, i-hermeneutics ayigcini emibhalweni yezincwadi, kodwa futhi ihlanganisa nokuchazwa kwezenzo zabantu, izinto zamasiko, umlando, kanye nezenzakalo zomphakathi. Umuntu oyedwa owaba negalelo elikhulu ekuhumusheni kwakuyisazi sefilosofi saseJalimane uHans-Georg Gadamer.
UHans-Georg Gadamer: Isizinda Sefilosofi
UHans-Georg Gadamer wazalwa ngoFebhuwari 11, 1900, eMarburg, eJalimane, washona ngoMashi 13, 2002. UGadamer wayengumfundi wesazi sefilosofi esikholelwa ekubeni khona kwezinto eziphilayo uMartin Heidegger, futhi umsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko “iQiniso neNdlela” (“Wahrheit und Methode”), eyanyatheliswa okokuqala ngo-1960. Ngalo msebenzi, uGadamer akagcinanga nje ngokusungula indlela yefilosofi kodwa futhi waphonsela inselelo ukuqonda kwethu indlela esiqonda futhi sihumushe ngayo umhlaba osizungezile.
Ku-“Truth and Method,” uGadamer uhlola imiqondo yeqiniso nendlela ezifundweni zobuntu, ephonsela inselelo umbono ophambili we-positivist wangaleso sikhathi. Uthi indlela yesayensi, esebenza kahle kakhulu kwisayensi yemvelo, ayanele ekubambeni iqiniso eliphelele lokuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu kanye nezenzakalo zamasiko.
Umqondo Wokugqama Ku-Hermeneutics KaGadamer
Omunye wemibono ebalulekile ku-hermeneutics kaGadamer umqondo "womkhathi" kanye "nokuhlanganiswa komkhathi." UGadamer ukholelwa ukuthi umuntu ngamunye unolwazi oluqondile, olubunjwe umlando, isiko, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe siqu. Lo mkhathi umele kokubili ukulinganiselwa kanye nethuba lokuqonda nokuhumusha.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwama-horizons kuchaza inqubo lapho ukuhumusha kwenzeka khona ngokuhlangana komkhathi wolwazi lwethu nomkhathi wombhalo noma enye into esizama ukuyiqonda. UGadamer ugcizelela ukuthi lokhu kuqonda kungokwengxoxo futhi kukhiqizwa ngokuxoxisana phakathi kwala ma-horizons. Ngakho-ke, ukuhumusha akuyona into eyodwa, umsebenzi we-monologic, kodwa kunalokho kuyingxoxo eguquguqukayo phakathi komhumushi nento ehunyushwayo.
I-Pre-Theme kanye Nokubandlulula ku-Hermeneutics
UGadamer uphinde axoxe ngokubaluleka kokuqaphela ubandlululo ekuchazeni. Uphikisana ngokuthi ubandlululo akuyona into embi nje, njengoba kuvame ukucatshangwa, kodwa kunalokho luyisici esiyisisekelo sokuqonda. Lolu bandlululo luhlanganisa ukuqaphela kusengaphambili kanye nokuqonda kusengaphambili esikuletha ekuchazeni. Kungumphumela womlando wethu, amasiko, kanye nomongo wamasiko; ziqondisa indlela esiqonda ngayo umhlaba.
Ngokungafani nendlela yesayensi, efuna ukuqeda zonke izinhlobo zobandlululo, uGadamer ukhuthaza ukuvuma ukuthi kukhona ubandlululo futhi alusebenzise njengesiqalo sokuqonda okujulile. Lokhu kuvuma akusho ukwamukela zonke ubandlululo ngokungagxeki, kodwa kunalokho kusho ukwenza inqubo yokuxoxisana lapho zihlolwa futhi zibuyekezwa khona ngesikhathi senqubo yokuhumusha.
I-Hermeneutics Ebucayi kanye Nomlando Wemiphumela
Omunye weminikelo ebalulekile kaGadamer umbono wakhe "ngomlando wemiphumela" (wirkungsgeschichte). Waphikisana ngokuthi yonke imibhalo noma isenzakalo inomlando wemiphumela lapho ihunyushwe khona futhi ithonye abafundi kanye nezimo phakathi nesikhathi sokuba khona kwayo. Lo mlando wemiphumela uhlanganisa izincazelo kanye nethonya elihlukahlukene umbhalo oye walikhiqiza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ngalo mqondo, uGadamer ubonisa ukuthi akukho ukuqonda okuqondile noma okungenanzuzo, ngoba yonke imizamo yokuqonda itholakala ngaphakathi kwesiko elibanzi nomlando wemiphumela. Lo mlando wemiphumela uhlala usebenza ngaphakathi kwenqubo yokuhumusha, okusivumela ukubona ukuthi umbhalo noma into ethile ithonye futhi yathonywa kanjani yizimo zomlando ezahlukene.
I-Hermeneutics njengeNgxoxo
I-hermeneutics kaGadamer iwukuxoxisana. Ukholelwa ukuthi ukuqonda akuyona into eyenzeka ngomuntu ngamunye, kodwa inqubo yokuxoxisana exhunywe kwabanye. Umbhalo noma into ethile ichazwa ngokugcwele kuphela ngengxoxo phakathi kwezindawo ezahlukene zokuqonda ezihilelekile.
Ngokusho kukaGadamer, le ngxoxo ihilela "imibuzo" kanye "nezimpendulo." Inqubo yolwazi akuyona nje indaba yokuthola impendulo efanele, kodwa kunalokho indlela esibuza ngayo imibuzo nokuthi lezo zimpendulo zamukelwa noma zenqatshwa kanjani, zihlolwe, futhi zichazwe kanjani ngomongo wokuqonda kabusha. Le ngxoxo ihilela njalo ukubamba iqhaza okusebenzayo kwamaqembu womabili, afuna ukuqonda nokwamukelwa ngaphakathi kwemingcele yawo.
Ithonya Le-Hermeneutics KaGadamer Kwezesayensi Yezenhlalo Nakwezobuntu
Ithonya likaGadamer ku-hermeneutics likhulu kakhulu. Indlela yakhe yokuhumusha umbhalo ayithonyanga nje kuphela ifilosofi kodwa isetshenziswe nakwezesayensi yezenhlalo, i-anthropology, izifundo zamasiko, imfundiso yenkolo, kanye neminye imikhakha ehlukahlukene edinga ukuhlaziywa kokuhumusha.
Isibonelo, emlandweni, indlela kaGadamerian isiza izazi-mlando ukuthi ziqonde ukuthi ukuhumusha komlando nakho kuthonywa yimibono yazo yesimanje, kanye nomlando wemiphumela esebenza kunoma yikuphi ukulandisa komlando. Le ndlela ihlukana nombono omuhle wokuthi umlando uwukwakhiwa kabusha okunenjongo kwesikhathi esidlule, futhi iyaqaphela ukuthi umlando uhlala uhilelekile enkambisweni yokuchazwa kabusha.
Emkhakheni wemfundiso yenkolo, i-hermeneutics kaGadamer isiza izazi zemfundiso yenkolo ukuqonda imibhalo yenkolo ngendlela enamandla kakhulu, ehilela ingxoxo phakathi kwemibhalo yasendulo kanye nokuhumusha kwanamuhla, futhi ivumela ukuqonda umthelela wesiko ekuqondeni kwamanje kwenkolo.
I-Penutup
I-hermeneutics kaGadamer yakha indlela entsha yokuhumusha eyayigcizelela ukubaluleka kwengxoxo, isiko, nomlando enkambisweni yokuqonda. Ngokugqamisa imiqondo efana nokuhlanganiswa kwemibono, ubandlululo, kanye nomlando wemiphumela, uGadamer wanikeza uhlaka olucebile noluyinkimbinkimbi lokuqonda ukuthi sisebenzisana kanjani nemibhalo, amasiko, kanye nomhlaba osizungezile. Le hermeneutics, eqaphela futhi ihlonipha ukujula nokuhlukahluka kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu, iyaqhubeka nokusebenza kuzo zonke izifundo namuhla.
