Ifilosofi YaseNtshonalanga vs Ifilosofi YaseMpumalanga
Izingxoxo mayelana nefilosofi yaseNtshonalanga neyaseMpumalanga zivame ukuqala ngombono wokuthi “ziphambene”: iNtshonalanga ibhekwa njengenengqondo, ihlaziya, futhi igcizelela ukucabanga; kuyilapho iMpumalanga ibhekwa njengeqondakala kalula, ingokomoya, futhi igcizelela ukuvumelana. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuhlukaniswa empeleni kuwukubuka konke okubanzi okusiza abaqalayo ukuqonda izitayela ezijwayelekile. Eqinisweni, isiko ngalinye lihlukahlukene kakhulu, liyathonyana, futhi lifuna ukuphendula imibuzo eyisisekelo: liyini iqiniso, abantu kufanele baphile kanjani, futhi sazi kanjani noma yini?
Izimpande zomlando kanye nomongo wamasiko
Ngokubanzi, ifilosofi yaseNtshonalanga isekelwe emasikweni asendulo aseGrisi—amagama anjengoSocrates, uPlato, no-Aristotle—abe esethuthuka ngefilosofi yamaRoma, umcabango wobuKristu wasendulo, i-Renaissance, i-Enlightenment, kanye nefilosofi yanamuhla neyesimanje. Isiko laseNtshonalanga lithonywe kakhulu yintuthuko yesayensi, amanyuvesi, kanye nezingxoxo zezenkolo nezepolitiki eYurophu.
Okwamanje, ifilosofi yaseMpumalanga ibhekisela ezinhlobonhlobo zemicabango evela eNdiya, eShayina, eJapane, eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, nasezindaweni ezizungezile. ENdiya, amasiko amaVedic, ama-Upanishad, amaBuddha, amaJainism, kanye nezikole ezifana neSamkhya, iYoga, iNyaya, neVedanta zavela. EShayina, ubuConfucian, ubuTao, kanye nobuBuddha baseShayina kamuva bakha isisekelo sezindlela zokucabanga ngokuziphatha, ukubusa, kanye ne-cosmology. Umongo waseMpumalanga uvame ukuhlotshaniswa kakhulu nomkhuba wokuphila: umkhuba ongokomoya, isiko, isiyalo sokuziphatha, kanye nokuzwana komphakathi.
Ukugxila kombuzo: “iqiniso” vs “ukuhlakanipha kokuphila”?
Umehluko owodwa oxoxwa njalo yindlela egxile enkingeni. Isiko laseNtshonalanga livame ukuvezwa njengokugcizelela ukuphishekela iqiniso ngempikiswano: izincazelo ezicacile, ubufakazi, ukucabanga okusemthethweni, kanye nempikiswano. Kusukela kuPlato kuya kwifilosofi yokuhlaziya yanamuhla, kube nokuthambekela kokuhlola isimangalo ngokuhlelekile: ingabe siyavumelana, ingabe siyasebenza, futhi siyini isisekelo saso sokuqonda?
Emasikweni amaningi aseMpumalanga, imibuzo eyisisekelo ivame ukugxila ekukhululweni ekuhluphekeni, ukuvumelana nemvelo, noma ekuthuthukisweni komlingiswa. Isibonelo, ubuBuddha bugcizelela ukuqonda i-dukkha (ukuhlupheka) kanye nendlela eya ekukhululweni ngokuzijwayeza. UbuTao bugcizelela "indlela" (i-Dao) kanye nendlela yokuphila ngokuvumelana nemvelo. UbuConfucian bugxila ekuhlakuleleni ubuhle kanye nokuhleleka okuhle komphakathi. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akusho ukuthi iMpumalanga "ayinangqondo" noma ukuthi iNtshonalanga "ayinandaba nokuphila kwangaphakathi." Imisebenzi eminingi yaseMpumalanga ine-logic enamandla (isib., i-Nyaya eNdiya), futhi izazi zefilosofi eziningi zaseNtshonalanga nazo zikhuluma ngokuphila okuhle (isib., u-Aristotle ngokuziphatha okuhle noma ubuStoicism ngokugcizelela kwayo ukuthula kwangaphakathi).
Indlela: ukuhlaziywa komqondo vs. umkhuba wokuguquka komuntu siqu
Esikweni laseNtshonalanga, ifilosofi ivame ukuthatha isimo sokubhala okuphikisanayo, izingxoxo zezemfundo, kanye nokuthuthukiswa komqondo. Imicabango yakhiwe njengemibono engaphikiswa noma ivikelwe. Ngakho-ke, ikhono lokuphikisana nokucacisa amagama libalulekile.
EMpumalanga, izindlela zefilosofi zivame ukuhlangana nemikhuba: ukuzindla, ukuzithiba kokuziphatha, ukuqeqeshwa kokucabanga, isiko, noma ukuziphatha komphakathi. Ulwazi aluqondwa nje kuphela ngokuthi "luyiqiniso," kodwa futhi njengento eguqula isihloko sokwazi. Ku-Zen, isibonelo, ezinye izimfundiso zenzelwe ukudlula izindlela ezivamile zokucabanga, kunokuba zicebise nje inkolelo-mbono.
Nokho, lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwezindlela akuphelele. Isiko laseNtshonalanga linefa elingokomoya nelisebenzayo—njengokuzindla ngemikhuba yokuphila yamaNeoplaton noma amaStoic. Okwamanje, isiko laseMpumalanga linezimpikiswano zalo ezibukhali zomqondo, njengempikiswano kaMadhyamaka ngokungabi nalutho (śūnyatā) kanye (eNdiya) nesiko lokucabanga okuhlelekile.
Imibono ngomuntu siqu kanye nomhlaba
Umehluko ovame ukucashunwa yindlela u-“Mina” abhekwa ngayo. Emicabangweni eminingi yaseNtshonalanga, ikakhulukazi kusukela kuDescartes, lowo muntu ucatshangwa njengomuntu ozimele—u-“Mina” njengesikhungo esihlukile sokuqonda esikwazi ukungabaza konke ukuze sithole isiqiniseko. Lokhu kuye kwathonya imibono yanamuhla ngamalungelo omuntu ngamunye, inkululeko, kanye nobunikazi bomuntu siqu.
Kwamanye amasiko aseMpumalanga, "uqobo" luvame ukuqondwa kakhulu ngokobudlelwano noma ngisho nangokwezinkinga. Isibonelo, ubuBuddha buphikisa umqondo "wobuntu obuzinzile" ngomqondo we-anatta (ongenabo ubuqu). UbuConfucian bubeka abantu ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yobudlelwano bomndeni nobezenhlalo, okuvumela ubuqu ukuba bubunjwe ngezindima kanye nemithwalo yemfanelo. UbuTao bugcizelela ukuguquguquka nokuguquguquka kobuntu, bukhuthaza umuntu ukuba "ahambe" nezinqubo zemvelo.
Kodwa-ke, akuwona wonke umcabango waseMpumalanga owenqaba “ubuwena” (isibonelo, ezinye izikole zamaHindu zigcizelela u-Atman), futhi akuwona wonke umcabango waseNtshonalanga okhazimulisa ubugovu (isibonelo, uHume uyangabaza ubunjalo bobuwena, kuyilapho i-phenomenology ihlola ukuqonda njengolwazi olungelula njenge-“separate I”).
Ukuziphatha kanye nenjongo yokuphila : ubuhle, inkululeko, kanye nokuzwana
Ezimisweni zokuziphatha zaseNtshonalanga, kunezindlela ezahlukahlukene: ukuziphatha okuhle kuka-Aristotle, i-deontology kaKant egcizelela isibopho sokuziphatha, i-utilitarianism ehlola imiphumela, kanye nokuziphatha kwanamuhla kobulungiswa namalungelo abantu . Izingxoxo eziningi zokuziphatha zaseNtshonalanga zigxile ezimisweni zomhlaba wonke: yimiphi imithetho efanele yawo wonke umuntu?
Izimiso zokuziphatha zaseMpumalanga zivame ukugcizelela ukwakhiwa kobuntu kanye nokuzwana. UbuConfucian bugcizelela i-ren (ubuntu) kanye ne-li (imikhuba/amasiko) njengezindlela zokuhlakulela umphakathi omuhle. UbuBuddha bugcizelela ububele nokuhlakanipha, hhayi nje "njengemisebenzi" kodwa njengezimfanelo zangaphakathi ezikhuliswe. UbuHindu nobuJain bugcizelela i-ahimsa (ukungabi nobudlova) njengesimiso sokuziphatha esibanzi.
Umehluko usekuqondeni: iNtshonalanga ivame ukubuza ukuthi “yini okulungile ngokokuziphatha?” kuyilapho iMpumalanga ivame ukubuza ukuthi “ungaba kanjani umuntu ovuthiwe futhi ungabangeli ukuhlupheka?” Yiqiniso, lokhu kokubili kungahlangana: umqondo wobuhle nawo unamandla kakhulu eNtshonalanga, futhi izimiso zokuziphatha zomhlaba wonke ziyatholakala naseMpumalanga.
Isayensi, i-metaphysics, kanye nezindlela zokwazi
Ifilosofi yanamuhla yaseNtshonalanga yathuthuka kanye nesayensi, ngakho-ke i-epistemology (inkolelo-mbono yolwazi) igxile kakhulu ekuziphenduleleni, ebufakazini, endleleni yesayensi, kanye nokungabaza. I-Enlightenment yagcizelela ukuqonda kanye nencazelo yembangela. Ekhulwini lama-20, ifilosofi yolimi kanye ne-logic yanikeza amathuluzi okuhlaziya okuhlola ngokucophelela izimangalo.
EMpumalanga, izindlela zokwazi zivame ukufaka phakathi ubukhulu bangaphakathi: umuzwa, ulwazi oluqondile, kanye nokwazi njengomkhakha wokucwaninga. Amasiko okuzindla, isibonelo, awawona nje umsebenzi wokuphumula, kodwa kunalokho ayindlela yokubona ngokucacile ingqondo kanye neqiniso. Kodwa-ke, amasiko aseMpumalanga aqaphela nokuhlukaniswa okuqinile kwemithombo yolwazi (i-pramana), ikakhulukazi kwifilosofi yaseNdiya.
Indawo yokuhlangana kanye nethonya elihlangene
Esikhathini somhlaba wonke, imingcele phakathi "kweNtshonalanga neMpumalanga" iya ngokuya ishintshashintsha. Imikhuba yokuzindla yamaBuddha ithonya isayensi yezengqondo yesimanje, kuyilapho izindlela zokucabanga zaseNtshonalanga kanye nokuhlaziya zisetshenziswa ekufundeni imibhalo yaseMpumalanga ngokwezemfundo. Abacabangi abaningi besimanje balwela ukuhlanganisa lokhu okubili: ukuqina kwempikiswano kanye nokujula kokuguquka komuntu. Ngisho nezinkinga zesimanje—inkinga yemvelo, ukungalingani kwezenhlalo, ukuhlukaniswa kwedijithali—zidinga ukuhlakanipha kuzo zonke izinkambiso.
Lokhu kuhlangana kusikhumbuza ukuthi "iNtshonalanga" kanye "neMpumalanga" akuzona izingqimba ezimbili ezivaliwe, kodwa kunalokho imindeni emibili emikhulu enezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zokubuza imibuzo. Ukwamukela okuhle kakhulu kokubili kusho ukuba nesibindi sokugxeka, ukuvuleleka, nokuthobeka: ukufunda ukuphikisana ngokucacile ngenkathi ngesikhathi esifanayo ufunda ukuphila ngokuqonda.
I-Penutup
Ifilosofi yaseNtshonalanga neyaseMpumalanga ziyahlukahluka ngokuthambekela kwazo komlando, izindlela, kanye nokugcizelela: iNtshonalanga ivame ukuba namandla ekuhlaziyeni komqondo kanye nempikiswano ehlelekile, kuyilapho iMpumalanga ivame ukuba namandla ekuhlanganiseni imicabango kanye nokwenza. Kodwa-ke, akukho nanye yazo engancishiswa ibe yimibono engafani. Zombili zinikeza amathuluzi okuqonda iqiniso, ukwakha ubuntu, kanye nokwakha umphakathi ongcono. Ekugcineni, umbuzo awusiwo "ongcono," kodwa kunalokho ukuthi sixoxa kanjani, sifunda kanjani, futhi sisebenzisa kanjani ukuhlakanipha kokubili ukubhekana nezinselele zokuphila komuntu namuhla.
