Nheyo dzeMasisitimu Ekupisa Mota
Sisitimu yekupisa ndeimwe yemasisitimu akakosha mumotokari dzinoshandisa peturu (injini dzeOtto). Basa rayo guru nderekugadzira spark panguva yakakodzera yekubatidza musanganiswa wemhepo nemafuta mukamuri yekupisa. Pasina sisitimu yekupisa inoshanda zvakanaka, injini ichave yakaoma kutanga, simba richaderedzwa, kushandiswa kwemafuta kuchapambadza, uye kuburitsa utsi huchawedzera. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura zvekutanga zvemasisitimu ekupisa mota, kusanganisira mashandiro awo, zvikamu zvikuru, misimboti yekushanda, mhando, uye zviratidzo zvinowanzoonekwa zvekukundikana.
1. Basa reSisitimu yeKubatidza
Kazhinji, sisitimu yekupisa ine mabasa makuru akati wandei:
1. Wedzera simba remagetsi kubva pamagetsi emotokari (bhatiri re12 volts kana magineti) kusvika pasimba remagetsi (makumi ezviuru zvemavolts) kuitira kuti ikwanise kusvetuka pamusoro pegomba remagetsi respark plug.
2. Gadzirisa nguva yekubatidza kuitira kuti spark ioneke panguva inoshanda zvakanyanya, kazhinji pedyo nekuguma kwekumanikidzwa.
3. Inogovera voltage yakakwira kune spark plug yega yega zvichienderana nekurongeka kwekupisa kuri mu cylinder yega yega (muinjini dze multi-cylinder).
4. Inoita kuti moto ugare wakasimba mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana, akadai sema revs akaderera/akakwira, mitoro yakareruka/inorema, tembiricha yeinjini, uye shanduko yemhando yemafuta.
Sisitimu yakanaka yekubatidza inoita kuti pave nekubvira kwakanaka, injini inoshanda zviri nani, kushanda zvakanaka, uye kuburitsa mweya wakaderera.
2. Nheyo dzekutanga dzekushanda kweSisitimu yeKubatidza
Muinjini yepeturu, musanganiswa wemhepo nemafuta unodzvanywa nepiston. Sezvo kumanikidzwa nekupisa kwemusanganiswa zvichiwedzera, simba rinodiwa kuti ritange kutsva. Apa ndipo panotanga kushanda spark plug, zvichigadzira spark. Zvisinei, kugadzira spark ine simba kunoda voltage yakakwira.
Iyi nzira yekushandura magetsi inowanzo shandisa ignition coil, iyo inoshanda se transformer: voltage yakaderera mu primary coil inoshandurwa kuita high voltage mu secondary coil. Iyi high voltage inozoendeswa ku spark plug, inosvetukira electrode gap, uye inobatidza musanganiswa wemafuta.
Chinhu chikuru chinoita kuti moto ubudirire chiri muzvinhu zviviri:
– Simba remoto rakakwana (voltage nemagetsi akakodzera).
- Nguva yekupisa inokwana zvichienderana nemamiriro einjini.
3. Zvikamu Zvikuru zveSisitimu yeKubatidza
Kunyangwe magadzirirwo acho akasiyana, zvikamu zvesisitimu yekupisa peturu zvinosanganisira:
a. Kunobva Pari Zvino (Bhatiri/Alternator kana Magneto)
Mumotokari dzemazuva ano, simba guru rinowanzova bhatiri (12V) rinopihwa uye rinochajwa nealternator. Mune mimwe midhudhudhu, kunyanya mhando dzekare, simba guru ringangove magneto.
b. Chinja Chekubatidza uye Dunhu Rekutanga
Chinobatidza magetsi chinobatanidza uye chinobvisa magetsi makuru. Dunhu guru inzira yemagetsi ine voltage shoma inoenda ku coil yekutanga kuburikidza ne ignition controller (platinum kana electronic module).
c. Koiri Yekupisa
Koiri iyi ine:
– Koiri huru: inogamuchira 12V current (kana kubva kumagneto).
– Koiri yechipiri: inogadzira voltage yakakwira, inogona kuva 10.000–40.000 volts kana kupfuura zvichienderana nesystem.
Coil inoshanda kana simba guru remagetsi rangoerekana radzimwa (kuparara kwesimba remagineti), zvekuti simba remagetsi rakawanda rinotanga kudonha mucoil yechipiri.
d. Mutongi Mukuru weDunhu/Muputsi
Kune mhando dzakasiyana-siyana:
– Platinum (contact breaker): mechanical breaker mumasystems akajairwa.
– CDI/TCI/ECU: module yemagetsi inodzora kana magetsi adzimwa uye kuti coil "inochajwa" kwenguva yakareba sei (nguva yekugara).
e. Mugoveri (Pane Dzimwe Injini Dzemota)
Mumasystem emazuva ano pamotokari dzekare, mugovanisi anogovera voltage yakakwira kune yega yega spark plug zvichienderana nekurongeka kwemoto. Vagovanisi vanowanzo shongedzwa ne:
- rotor, chivharo, uye nzira yekufambisa mberi (injini yekudzora kupisa).
Mumotokari dzemazuva ano, mugovanisi anowanzosiyiwa.
f. Tambo yeHigh Voltage / Coil-on-Plug (COP)
Mhepo ine simba guru inopfuudzwa kuburikidza netambo yekupisa. MumaCOP system emazuva ano, coil inonamirwa zvakananga kuspark plug, zvichiita kuti tambo ine simba guru ibviswe kana kupfupikiswa.
g. Chivharo cheSpark
Chidzitiro chespark ndicho "mugumo" wesystem yekupisa. Chidzitiro ichi chinoitika pagomba rema electrode. Mamiriro echidzitiro chespark (gomba, carbon deposits, kupera kwema electrode) anokanganisa zvakanyanya kunaka kwekupisa.
4. Mhando dzeSisitimu dzeKubatidza
Kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji kwakaita kuti sisitimu yekupisa ishanduke kubva pakushandiswa kwemagetsi kuenda pakushandiswa kwemagetsi nemakombiyuta.
1) Sisitimu Yekubatidza Yakajairika (Platinum)
Sisitimu iyi inoshandisa platinum kukanganisa simba guru re coil. Zvakanakira zvayo zviri nyore kunzwisisa, asi ine zvainovhiringidza:
– Platinum yasakara, inoda kugadziriswa nguva nenguva.
- Nguva inochinja zviri nyore nekuda kwekupfeka kwekamera kana chitubu.
– Chiedza chinogona kupera simba kana kuputika kwakakwira (nekuda kwe "kusvetuka" kweplatinum).
Kazhinji pane condenser yekuderedza spark paplatinum uye kukurumidzisa kuputsika kwesimba remagineti kuitira kuti voltage yechipiri iwedzere.
2) Sisitimu yekudziyisa yeCDI (Capacitor Discharge Ignition)
MaCDI anowanikwa pamidhudhudhu. Sisitimu iyi inochengeta simba mu capacitor yobva yariburitsa nekukurumidza ku coil. Hunhu hweCDI:
- Simba remoto rakagadzikana zvakanyanya pakumhanya kwakakwirira.
- Zvikamu zvishoma zvemakanika.
– Inogona kushandisa manyuko eAC (magneto) kana DC (bhatiri), zvichienderana nekugadzirwa kwayo.
CDI yakakodzera mainjini anoda mhinduro yekukurumidza kubatidza, asi hunhu hwespark hunogona kuva "pfupi" pane sisitimu yeinductive.
3) Sisitimu yeTCI/Transistor Ignition (Inductive Ignition)
MaTCI anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumotokari dzemazuva ano, achishandisa ma transistors sechinongedzo chikuru che coil current. Zvakanakira zvavo:
- Kudzora nguva chaiyo.
- Simba rakanaka rekupisa pa rpm dzakasiyana-siyana.
- Yakasimba uye inoda kugadziriswa kushoma.
4) Sisitimu Yakabatanidzwa Yekupisa ECU (Kutarisira Injini)
Mumota dzemazuva ano, ECU inodzora kupisa zvichibva pane zvinopinda mu sensor zvakaita se:
– CKP (Sensor yeCrankshaft Position)
– CMP (Sensor yeChinzvimbo cheCamshaft)
– TPS (Sensor yeThrottle Position)
– MAP/MAF (kumanikidzwa/kuwanda kana kuyerera kwemhepo)
– ECT (tembiricha inotonhodza)
- Sensor yekugogodza (kuona kugogodza)
ECU inogona kugadzirisa nguva yekupisa kuti ionekwe semagetsi, kushanda zvakanaka, uye kudzivirira kuputika.
5) Sisitimu Yekubatidza Isina Kugoverwa (DIS) uye Coil-on-Plug (COP)
DIS inobvisa muchina wekuparadzira, ichishandisa ma coil maviri kana coil pa cylinder imwe neimwe. COP inonyanya kushandiswa nhasi: cylinder yega yega ine coil yayo zvakananga pa spark plug, zvichikonzera:
– Kurasikirwa nesimba kushoma.
- Kudzora kwakanyatsojeka kwekupisa kwesimba pa silinda imwe neimwe.
- Kugadzirisa kuri nyore nekuti zvinhu zvishoma zvinofamba.
5. Nguva Yekupisa uye Kufambira Mberi
Nguva yekubatidza ndiyo nguva iyo spark inoitika kana tichitarisa nzvimbo yepiston. Kazhinji, spark inoitika pamberi peTop Dead Center (TDC) pakumanikidzwa, kunonzi BTDC (Before Top Dead Center). Sei pamberi peTDC? Nekuti kupiswa kunotora nguva kuti kukure, kumanikidzwa kwepamusoro kunotarisirwa kuitika nguva pfupi piston painopfuura TDC kuti ikwanise kusundidzira zvakanaka.
Kana injini ichimhanya zvakanyanya, nguva iripo ipfupi. Saka, kufambira mberi kwekupisa kunofanirwa kuitwa kuti kuve nekupisa kwakanyatsonaka. Masisitimu akajairwa anoshandisa mechanical advancer (centrifugal/vacuum), nepo masisitimu emazuva ano achivimba neECU.
Kana nguva yanyanya kufambira mberi:
– Injini inogona “kugogodza” (kugogodza/kuputika), simba risina kugadzikana, njodzi yekukuvara kwepiston.
Kana iri kure zvakanyanya:
– Simba risina simba, mafuta anorasika, kupisa kwakawedzera kwegasi rinoburitsa utsi.
6. Zviratidzo zveKukuvadzwa kweSisitimu yeKubatidza
Zvimwe zviratidzo zvinowanzoonekwa zvezvinetso zvekubatidza:
1. Injini yakaoma kutanga: plug yespark yakafa, coil isina simba, bhatiri yakafa, sensor yeCKP ine dambudziko.
2. Kupisa kana kudzima moto: ma spark plugs akasviba, waya dzespark plug dziri kubuda, ma coil akatsemuka, ma injectors/fuel zvinogonawo kukonzera asi kupiswa kwemoto kunofanira kuongororwa.
3. Simba rakaderera: nguva yadzimwa, coil haina simba, ma spark plugs haasi maererano nezvinodiwa.
4. Kushandiswa kwemafuta zvisina kunaka: kupisa kusina kukwana, pfari isina simba, nguva isiriyo.
5. Tarisa kuti mwenje weinjini wakabatidzwa (mota dzemazuva ano): MaDTC ane chekuita nemoto (semuenzaniso P0300-P0304) anogona kuratidza kuti pane moto kana kuti pane mafuta.
7. Kugadzirisa Sisitimu Yekutanga Yekupisa
Kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti sisitimu yekupisa yakasimba uye yakanaka, ita zvinotevera:
– Tarisa uye dzorera ma spark plug zvichienderana nepakati pemugadziri. Ita shuwa kuti gap re spark plug rinosvika padanho rakatarwa.
– Tarisa waya dzespark plug necoil: tsvaga mitswe, maburi, kana ngura muma connectors.
- Iva nechokwadi chekuti voltage yebhatiri yakanaka uye kuti system yekuchaja yakajairika.
– Shandisa mafuta zvichienderana neoctane inokurudzirwa kuitira kuti ECU isanonotse nguva kakawanda nekuda kwekugogodza.
- Mumasystem emazuva ese: gadzirisa platinum nenguva, uye tarisa condenser nemutengesi.
Penutup
Sisitimu yemoto inoshandura simba remagetsi rine simba shoma kuita simba rine simba guru kuti igadzire spark paspark plug panguva yakakodzera. Zvinhu zvakakosha zvakaita se coil, current controller (platinum/CDI/TCI/ECU), uye spark plugs zvinoshanda pamwe chete kuti pave nekubvira kwakanaka uye kwakasimba. Kunzwisisa zvinhu zvekutanga zvesystem yekupisa kunobatsira vashandisi nevanopa ruzivo nezvematambudziko einjini, kugadzirisa nguva dzose, uye kuchengetedza mashandiro akanaka emotokari.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kugadzira chinyorwa chakanyatsojeka chemidhudhudhu (CDI/TCI) kana mota dzemazuva ano (COP, ECU, CKP/CMP sensors), chine madhayagiramu ekushanda kwemotokari uye mienzaniso yezviitiko zvekukundikana.
