Zvidzidzo zveMagetsi zveMotokari zveVadzidzi veUinjiniya
Uinjiniya wemagetsi wemotokari hwaro hwakakosha muinjiniya yemotokari diki nedzinorema. Inenge sisitimu dzese dzemazuva ano dzemotokari—kubva pakupisa, kutanga, kuchaja, mwenje, masisitimu ekuisa mafuta, kusvika kuzvinhu zvekuchengetedza—zvinoenderana nemaseketi emagetsi neemagetsi. Nokudaro, vadzidzi veinjiniya vanofanirwa kunzwisisa nheyo dzeinjiniya yemagetsi yemotokari nhanho nhanho: kubva papfungwa dzemagetsi dzakakosha uye zvikamu zvakakosha kusvika pakuverenga dunhu, kusvika panzira dzekuongorora zvikanganiso. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura pfungwa idzi dzakakosha uye mashandisirwo adzo mumotokari.
1. Pfungwa huru dzemagetsi: voltage, current, uye resistance
Mumagetsi emotokari, huwandu hutatu hukuru hunofanirwa kunzwisiswa ndehwekuti:
– Voltage (V/Volt): "kusunda" kunoita kuti maerekitironi afambe. Mota nemidhudhudhu zvinowanzoshandisa mavolts gumi nemaviri, nepo dzimwe mota (marori, mabhazi, michina inorema) dzichishandisa mavolts makumi maviri nemana.
– Mhepo (I/Ampere): huwandu hwemaerekitironi anoyerera nemumuchina wekufambisa magetsi. Mhepo inokanganiswa nemutoro (semuenzaniso, mwenje, mota yekutanga, feni yeredhiyeta).
– Kuramba (R/Ohm): kupikisa kuyerera kwemagetsi. Kuramba kunoitika mutambo, zvinobatanidzwa, macoil, kana zvinoramba.
Hukama huri pakati pevatatu ava hwakapfupikiswa muMutemo waOhm:
> V = I × R
> Ini = V / R
> R = V / I
Pfungwa iyi inobatsira zvikuru pakuongorora kuti sei chiedza chisina kujeka (simba remagetsi diki nekuda kwesimba guru), nei fuse ichiputika (simba guru remagetsi), kana kuti nei mota yekutanga isina simba (kudonha kwesimba remagetsi nekuda kwesimba remagetsi).
2. Simba remagetsi uye hukama hwaro nemutoro
Pamusoro peV, I, uye R, vadzidzi veinjiniya vanofanirwawo kunzwisisa simba (P/Watt), iro riri simba remagetsi rinoshandiswa pachikamu chenguva.
> P = V × I
Muenzaniso uri nyore: rambi re12 V 55 W riri pamotokari rinodhonza magetsi anenge aripo:
> I = P / V = 55 / 12 ≈ 4,6 A
Kuverenga kwakadai kunobatsira kusarudza saizi chaiyo yefuse netambo, pamwe nekufanotaura mutoro wese wesystem yemagetsi.
3. Sisitimu yemagetsi yemotokari: kwainobva, kondakita, mutoro, uye kutonga
Dunhu remagetsi remotokari rinowanzo kuve nezvikamu zvina:
1. Simba rinobva: bhatiri nealternator.
2. Madhairekita: tambo, zvinobatanidza, materminal, uye tambo dzepasi (dzepasi/muviri).
3. Mutoro: mwenje, mota dzemagetsi (mawipers, mablower), ECU, majekiseni, ma ignition coils, nezvimwewo.
4. Kudzora nekudzivirira: maswichi, marelay, mafusi, ma fusible links, ECU.
Kunzwisisa zvinhu izvi zvina kunobatsira pakugadzirisa matambudziko: kungave dambudziko riri panobva, tambo, mutoro, kana kuti system yekudzora.
4. Mabhatiri nemaitiro awo ekushanda
Mabhatiri emotokari anowanzova lead-acid. Mabasa makuru ebhatiri ndeaya:
– Inopa simba guru remagetsi rinotanga.
- Inoshanda senzira yekusimbisa voltage yesystem kana mutoro uchichinja.
– Inopa magetsi kana injini yadzima.
Zvinhu zvakakosha kunzwisisa:
– Voltage yebhatiri ine hutano kana injini yadzima inowanzova pakati pe12,4–12,7 V (zvichienderana nemamiriro ekunze uye tembiricha).
– Pakunotanga, voltage inogona kudzikira, asi zvakanaka kuti isadzikire zvakanyanya. Kudzikira kwakanyanya kwevoltage kunogona kuratidza bhatiri risina simba kana kuti tambo yemagetsi ine dambudziko.
– Ma terminal emabhatiri ane tsvina/ngura anogona kuwedzera simba rekudzivirira uye kukonzera matambudziko akasiyana-siyana.
5. Sisitimu yekuchaja: alternator uye regulator
Kana injini ichishanda, sisitimu yekuchaja inopa simba rese uye ichaja bhatiri. Zvikamu zvayo zvikuru ndeizvi:
– Alternator: inogadzira magetsi emagetsi eAC ayo anozogadziriswa kuita DC.
- Rectifier (diode): inogadzirisa AC current kuDC.
– Chinodzora magetsi: chinodzora kubuda kwemagetsi kuti kugadzikane (kazhinji kanenge 13,8–14,5 V pahurongwa hwe12 V).
Zviratidzo zvinowanzoonekwa zvekukundikana kwesystem yekuchaja:
- Mwenje yekuratidza bhatiri rabatidzwa.
– Bhatiri rinopera nekukurumidza.
– Mwenje unopenya kana kudzikira kana kumhanya kweinjini kuchichinja.
Kune vadzidzi veinjiniya, zvakakoshawo kunzwisisa kuti ma alternator anogadzira simba rakawanda, saka tambo dzinobuda, fuse huru, uye connection dzepasi dzinofanira kunge dziri mumamiriro akanaka.
6. Sisitimu yekutanga: mota yekutanga, solenoid, uye dunhu rekudzora
Sisitimu yekutanga inodhonza simba rakawanda kubva mubhatiri kuti ikwanise kudzvanya injini painotanga. Zvikamu zvikuru:
– Mota yekutanga: mota yeDC ine torque yakakwira.
– Starter solenoid: switch yemagetsi inobatanidza simba guru remagetsi kustarter motor uku ichisunda pinion gear panguva imwe chete.
– Dunhu rekudzora: switch yekupisa, starter relay (pane dzimwe mota), uye security system (neutral switch/clutch switch/immobilizer).
Matambudziko akajairika:
– Ruzha rwekudzvanya asi pasina kutendeuka: runogona kunge rwuri nekuda kwebhatiri risina simba, solenoid isina kunaka, kana kubatana kwewaya kusina kunaka.
– Kutenderera kukuru kwestarter: kunogona kukonzerwa nekudonha kwevoltage mu positive/ground cable, kana mota yekutanga yakasakara.
7. Mafuyuzi, marelay, uye kukosha kwekudzivirira
– Fuse yakagadzirirwa kupwanyika kana magetsi adarika muganho, kudzivirira tambo nezvinhu kubva pakupisa zvakanyanya.
– Relay iswitch yemagetsi inobvumira magetsi madiki kudzora magetsi makuru. Mienzaniso inosanganisira malight relay, ma radiator fan relay, uye ma fuel pump relay.
Vadzidzi veinjiniya vanofanirwa kusiyanisa pakati pekukuvara kwakakonzerwa nekushandisa:
– Fuse inoputika kakawanda: kazhinji pane short circuit kana overload.
– Kutumirana kwakakuvara: kunowanzo ratidzwa nekusashanda kwemutoro kunyangwe switch yacho yakajairika.
8. Kudonha kwepasi (huremu) uye kudonha kwemagetsi
Mumotokari, muviri nefuremu zvinowanzo shandiswa senzira dzepasi. Izvi zvinoreva kuti haasi maseketi ese anoda tambo mbiri pamutoro; tambo imwe chete yakanaka yakakwana, magetsi achidzoka mumuviri.
Zvisinei, kusanyatsogadzira zvakanaka ndiro dambudziko rinowanzoitika:
– Mwenje wakadzikira kana kuti hauna kugadzikana.
- Sensor iri kupa kuverenga kwenhema.
- Kukanganisa kweECU.
Kuti zviongororwe, vadzidzi veinjiniya vanofanirwa kunzwisisa pfungwa yekudonha kwemagetsi. Semuenzaniso, tambo dzakaora kana zvinobatanidza zvinowedzera kuramba, zvichideredza voltage inosvika pamutoro. Kuyera kudonha kwemagetsi uchishandisa multimeter kunowanzo shanda kupfuura kungoyera voltage yebhatiri.
9. Kuverenga madhayagiramu emagetsi nezviratidzo zvepakutanga
Dhayagiramu yewaya i "mepu" yemagetsi emotokari. Zvimwe zviratidzo nepfungwa zvinoshandiswa kakawanda zvinosanganisira:
- Kwakabva bhatiri, fuse, relay, switch, rambi, mota, diode.
- Mutsetse wepasi unowanzo nyorwa nechiratidzo chehukuru.
– Matavi edunhu anoratidza kugoverwa kwemutoro.
- Nhamba dze connector pin dzinobatsira nekutevera tambo.
Kugona kuverenga madhayagiramu emagetsi inyanzvi huru, sezvo kuongororwa kwemazuva ano kunowanzo reva nzira dzemasekete nenzvimbo dzekuyera.
10. Zvishandiso zvekuyera zvepakutanga: multimeter nerambi rekuyedza
Zvishandiso zviviri zvinonyanya kushandiswa:
- Multimeter: inoyera DC/AC voltage, resistance, continuity, uye current (mune dzimwe nzira).
– Mwenje wekuyedza: mwenje wekuyedza uri nyore wekutarisa kuvapo kwemagetsi uye kugona kwedunhu kufambisa magetsi.
Nheyo dzekuchengetedza:
– Usayera resistance pacircuit ichiri kushanda.
- Shandisa dhairekitori rakakodzera.
– Chenjerera paunenge uchiyera pamagetsi ekupisa nekuti magetsi anogona kunge akakwira zvakanyanya.
11. Matanho ekugadzirisa matambudziko akarongeka
Kuti udzivise kuongororwa kwe "kuyedza uye kukanganisa", shandisa nzira inotevera:
1. Ziva zviratidzo: pazvinoitika, mamiriro emuchina, mutoro uri kushanda.
2. Tarisa kwakabva: mamiriro ebhatiri, voltage kana injini yadzima uye yakabatidzwa.
3. Tarisa dziviriro: fuse, fusible link, main relay.
4. Tarisa kuti zvinhu zvinobatana zviri kuenderera mberi here uye kuti zvinobatana zviri kuenderana here: tarisa kuti hazvina kusimba here, hazvina ngura here, kana kuti hazvina mapini akakombama here.
5. Yera kudonha kwemagetsi pamitsetse yakanaka neyepasi kana mutoro uchishanda.
6. Kuongororwa kwemutoro: kana chikamu chacho chakakuvara (mota yakavharirwa, yakatyoka zvishoma, solenoid isina simba).
Nzira iyi inodzidzisa vadzidzi kufunga zvine musoro, zvinobudirira, uye zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa pabasa remumusangano.
Penutup
Nheyo dzemagetsi emotokari dzinopfuura kungoyeuka zvikamu, asi dzinosanganisirawo kunzwisisa hukama huripo pakati pemagetsi, magetsi, resistance, uye simba mumasekete emotokari chaiwo. Nekuziva pfungwa dzemabhatiri, ma alternator, ma starter, ma fuse, ma relay, grounding, wiring diagrams, uye matekiniki ekuyera, vadzidzi veinjiniya vanogona kuita kugadzirisa uye kuongorora chirwere nemazvo. Masisitimu emagetsi emotokari acharamba achichinja kuenda kumasisitimu emagetsi uye akabatanidzwa, saka hwaro hwakasimba hwakakosha pakudzidza kwepamusoro, senge maECU, ma sensor-actuators, uye masisitimu emotokari akavakirwa pa network (CAN).
