Mashandiro anoita mainjini edhiziri mumotokari dzemazuva ano
Injini dzedhiziri dzinoramba dziri imwe yemhando dzinonyanya kushandiswa dzeinjini dzemoto dzinopisa mukati memotokari dzemazuva ano, kunyanya mota dzekutengeserana, maSUV, nedzimwe mota dzinotakura vanhu dzinoda kushanda nesimba uye torque yakakwira. Kusiyana neinjini dzepeturu, dzinoshandisa spark ignition, mainjini edhiziri anoshanda nepfungwa ye compression ignition, uko mafuta anobatidzwa nekuda kwekupisa kwakanyanya kwemhepo yakamanikidzwa. Nekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji, mainjini edhiziri emazuva ano akagadziriswa kakawanda, zvichiita kuti ave nesimba, asingashandise mafuta zvakanyanya, akapfava, uye asingakuvadzi nharaunda kupfuura zvizvarwa zvakapfuura.
1. Pfungwa Yekutanga: Kupisa Nekudzvanya Kubatidza
Musimboti mukuru weinjini yedhiziri ndewekudzvanya mhepo iri musirindiri kusvika yanyanya kumanikidzwa. Kudzvanya uku kunoita kuti tembiricha yemhepo ikwire zvakanyanya. Kana mafuta edhiziri akapinzwa mumhepo inopisa semhute diki, anopwa uye anobatidza ega pasina rubatsiro rwespark plug. Uyu ndiwo musiyano mukuru pakati peinjini yedhiziri neinjini yepeturu.
Chiyero chekumanikidzwa kweinjini yedhiziri chinowanzo kuve chakakwira kupfuura cheinjini yepeturu. Injini dzedhiziri dzemazuva ano dzinogona kuva nechiyero chekumanikidzwa chinotangira pa14:1 kusvika 20:1 (zvichienderana nekugadzirwa uye zvinodiwa zveutsi/kushanda zvakanaka). Chiyero ichi chekumanikidzwa kwepamusoro ndicho chinhu chakakosha pakushanda zvakanaka kweinjini yedhiziri, sezvo chiyero chekumanikidzwa chakakwira, simba rakawanda rinogona kubviswa kubva mukuita kwekupisa.
2. Kutenderera Kwekushanda Kweinjini Yedhiziri: Kurova Kukuru Kuna
Mota zhinji dzemazuva ano dzinoshandisa injini yedhiziri ine stroke ina. Kutenderera kwacho kunosanganisira:
a. Kurohwa neIntake Stroke
Pistoni inotama kubva kuTop Dead Center (TDC) kuenda kuBottom Dead Center (BDC), vharuvhu yekupinda inovhurika, uye mweya mutsva unopinda mu cylinder. Muinjini yedhiziri, kupinda kunonyanya kuve mhepo (kwete musanganiswa wemhepo-mafuta semuinjini yepeturu yakajairika). Muinjini zhinji dzemazuva ano, mweya unouya wakadzvanywa ne turbocharger, zvichiwedzera huwandu hweokisijeni.
b. Kumanikidzwa kweStroke
Vharuvhu yekupinda inovhara, piston inotama kubva kuBDC kuenda kuTDC, uye mhepo inomanikidzwa. Munguva iyi, tembiricha yemhepo inowedzera zvakanyanya. Pedyo nekupera kwekumanikidzwa, sisitimu yekuisa mafuta inotanga kuisa mafuta nekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya.
c. Simba/Kuwedzera Stroke
Mafuta anopinzwa anosanganiswa nemhepo inopisa uye anobatidza ega. Kupisa kunounza kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya, kuchisundira piston pasi kubva kuTDC kuenda kuBDC. Uku ndiko kurovera kunoita kuti pave nesimba rekutenderedza crankshaft.
d. Kurohwa Nemhepo Inopisa
Vharuvhu yekubuda kwemhepo inovhurika, piston inokwira kubva kuBDC kuenda kuTDC, uye magasi ekubuda kwemhepo anoburitswa nepachiteshi chekubuda kwemhepo kuenda kusystem yekubuda kwemhepo nemidziyo yekudzora kubuda kwemhepo.
Kutenderera uku kunodzokororwa kane zviuru paminiti, zvichienderana ne rpm yeinjini. Kutsetseka kweinjini uye kushanda kwayo zvinokanganiswa zvikuru nenguva chaiyo yevharuvhu, huwandu hwemafuta anopinzwa uye nguva, uye kudzora mhepo inopinda.
3. Basa reMasisitimu Ejekiseni Emazuva Ano: Common Rail uye Multi-Stage Injection
Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zviri kuitika muinjini dzedhiziri dzemazuva ano kushandiswa kwesystem ye common-rail direct injection. Musystem iyi, mafuta anopombwa mu "rail" ine simba guru (accumulator tube)—inogona kusvika 1.500 kusvika kupfuura 2.500 bar—yozoendeswa kuma "electronic injectors" ari mucylinder yega yega.
Zvakanakira njanji dzakajairika:
- Kupisa kwakanyatsonaka saka kupisa kwacho kwakanyatsonaka.
- Kudzora majekiseni nemazvo, kunodzorwa neECU (Engine Control Unit).
– Kugona kubaya jekiseni kakawanda: semuenzaniso usati wabaya jekiseni, jekiseni guru, uye mushure mekubaya jekiseni.
Kubaya jekiseni zvishoma nezvishoma kunobatsira kuderedza kudonha kwedhiziri, kuderedza kuburitswa kwezvimedu, uye kunatsiridza mafambiro emota. Kubaya jekiseni risati rasvika kunoita kuti kutsva kutange zviri nyore, nepo mushure mekubaya jekiseni kuchigona kubatsira mukuvandudzwa kwezvimedu (DPF) pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu.
4. Turbocharger neIntercooler: Kuwedzera Mhepo, Kuwedzera Kushanda Zvakanaka
Injini zhinji dzedhiziri dzemazuva ano dzinoshandisa ma turbocharger kuwedzera mweya unobuda. Ma turbocharger anoshandisa simba remagasi eutsi kutenderedza turbine yakabatana ne compressor. Compressor inodzvanya mweya unopinda, ichiwedzera huremu hwayo (oxygen). Ne oxygen yakawanda, injini inogona kupisa mafuta akawanda zvinobudirira, ichiwedzera torque nesimba pasina kuwedzera zvakanyanya kuchinjika kweinjini.
Nekuti mhepo yakamanikidzwa inova inopisa, chinotonhodza mweya (intake air cooler) chinoiswa kuti chideredze tembiricha yemhepo, chiwedzere density yayo, uye chideredze njodzi yekutsva kusina kukwana. Kusanganiswa kweturbo neintercooler kunobvumira kunyange mainjini madiki edhiziri kugadzira torque yakakwira kubva kuma revs akaderera - hunhu hunodiwa mumotokari dzemazuva ano.
5. Glow Plug: Inobatsira Kutanga Kana Zvinhu Zvichitonhora
Injini dzedhiziri hadzishandise ma spark plugs, asi dzakawanda dzinoshandisa ma glow plugs kubatsira kutanga injini kana yatonhora. Pakupisa kwakaderera, kudzvanywa chete dzimwe nguva hakukwani kukwidza tembiricha yemhepo kusvika panzvimbo yakagadzikana yekupisa. Ma glow plugs anopisa imba yekupisa kana nzvimbo yakatenderedza ma injectors, zvichiita kuti kupiswa kutange. Mune dzimwe injini dzemazuva ano, ma glow plugs anoshandawo kwenguva pfupi mushure mekunge injini yatanga kudzikamisa kupisa uye kuderedza utsi.
6. Kudzora Kubuda Kwemhepo: EGR, DOC, DPF, uye SCR
Dambudziko guru rine mainjini edhiziri emazuva ano nderekusangana nezvinodiwa zvakasimba zveutsi hunobuda. Nekuti kupiswa kwedhiziri kunoitika mumhepo yakawandisa uye tembiricha yakakwira, inowanzo gadzira NOx (nitrogen oxides) uye particulate matter (soot/PM). Kuti izvi zviitike, mota dzemazuva ano dzinoshandisa musanganiswa wematekinoroji anotevera:
– EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation): inodzosera imwe yegasi rinoburitsa mweya mumhepo kuti ideredze tembiricha yekupisa kuitira kuti NOx ideredzwe.
– DOC (Diesel Oxidation Catalyst): inosanganisa CO₂ neHC kuita CO₂ neH₂O, inobatsirawo kuderedza hwema nezvimwe zvinhu zvinokuvadza.
– DPF (Diesel Particulate Filter): mafirita matinji/soot. DPF inoda "kugadzikiswazve" nguva nenguva (kupisa soot yakaungana)—izvi zvinogona kunge zvisina basa kana kushanda kuburikidza nehurongwa hwekubaya.
– SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction): inoderedza NOx nekupfapfaidza urea liquid (inowanzonzi AdBlue) mugasi rinobuda mumhepo, iro rinozoshanda mu catalyst kugadzira nitrogen newater vapor.
Seti iyi yemasisitimu inoita kuti dhiziri remazuva ano rive rakachena zvakanyanya, kunyangwe zvichiwedzera kuoma uye zvinoda kugadziriswa kwakakodzera (semuenzaniso mhando yedhiziri yakanaka uye kushandiswa kweAdBlue muSCR system).
7. Basa reECU nemaSensors: Injini dzeDiziri Dzinova "Dzekuchenjera"
Kunyange zvazvo mainjini ekare edhiziri aishandiswawo senzira dziri nyore, mainjini edhiziri emazuva ano anonyanya kushandisa masisitimu emagetsi. ECU inogadzira data kubva kumasensa akasiyana-siyana, akadai seMAF/MAP (mhepo inoyerera/inomanikidza), masensa ekupisa, masensa ecrankshaft necamshaft, masensa eokisijeni (mune mamwe masisitimu), uye kunyange sensa yemafuta erail pressure. Ichishandisa data iri, ECU inotonga:
- Nguva uye nguva yekubaiwa jekiseni
- Kumanikidzwa kwemafuta panjanji yemagetsi
- Kuvhurwa kweEGR
- Kudzora Turbo (wastegate kana variable geometry turbo/VGT)
- Nzira yekuvandudza DPF
Mugumisiro wacho unova kupisa kwakasimba mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana, kushandiswa kwemafuta kwakaderera, uye simba rakakodzera rine utsi hushoma.
8. Hunhu hweInjini dzeDhiziri dzemazuva ano mukutyaira
Mukushandiswa kwezuva nezuva, mainjini edhiziri emazuva ano anozivikanwa ne:
– Torque yakakura pakuderedza kumhanya, yakakodzera mitoro inorema uye kumhanya kwakasimba kwekutanga.
– Kushanda zvakanaka kwazvo, nekuda kwehuwandu hwekudzvanywa kukuru uye hunhu hwekupisa hunoshanda.
- Kugara kwenguva refu, nekuti kazhinji zvikamu zvinosimbiswa kuti zvikwanise kumira kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya.
– Yakapfava uye yakanyarara kupfuura dhiziri rekare, nekuda kwekushandisa injini nemazvo, kudzimwa kweinjini uye kudzora kupisa zvishoma nezvishoma.
Zvisinei, dhiziri remazuva ano rinodawo mhando yakanaka yemafuta, kugadziriswa kwemafirita, uye kutarisirwa kwehurongwa hweutsi kuti hurambe huchishanda zvakanaka uye kudzivirira matambudziko akadai sekuvharika kweDPF kana kukanganiswa kweEGR.
Mhedziso
Pfungwa yekushanda kwemainjini edhiziri mumotokari dzemazuva ano inoramba yakadzika midzi mukubatidza kwemhepo: mhepo inomanikidzwa kusvika yapisa, yozopinzwa mafuta, zvichiita kuti ibatidze yoga. Chinosiyanisa madhiziri emazuva ano kubva kuzvizvarwa zvakapfuura kufambira mberi kukuru muhurongwa hwemagetsi ekuisa injini dzechitima, turbocharging, kudzora kwemagetsi kweECU, uye zvishandiso zvekudzora kusvibiswa kwemhepo zvakaita seEGR, DPF, uye SCR. Kusanganiswa uku kwematekinoroji kunobvumira mainjini edhiziri emazuva ano kupa torque yakasimba, kushanda zvakanaka kwemafuta, uye kusvibiswa kwemhepo kuri kuramba kuchidzorwa—zvichiramba zvichishanda pakati pezvinodiwa zvekushanda zvakanaka uye mitemo yezvakatipoteredza.
