Sainzi Yekutanga yeUinjiniya hweMotokari Dzine Mavhiri Mana
Injini yemotokari ine mavhiri mana ndiyo "moyo" unoshandura simba kubva mumafuta kuita simba rekufamba, wozoriparadzira kuitira kuti motokari ikwanise kufamba zvakanaka uye nekudzora. Kunzwisisa hwaro hwesainzi yeinjini yemotokari kunobatsira kwete chete kune vadzidzi vemotokari kana mainjiniya asiwo kune varidzi vemotokari, zvichivabatsira kuziva zviratidzo zvekukuvadzwa, kuita kugadzirisa kwekutanga, uye kunzwisisa mashandiro anoita mota. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura pfungwa huru dzeinjini yemotokari, zvikamu zvayo zvikuru, maitiro ekushanda, masisitimu anotsigira, uye misimboti yekuchengetedza.
1. Kunzwisisa Michina Nemabasa Ayo Makuru
Injini dzemotokari dzinowanzova injini dzinopisa mukati, dzichigadzira simba nekupisa musanganiswa wemhepo nemafuta mukamuri rinopisa. Simba rekupisa rinobva mukupiswa rinoshandurwa kuita simba remagetsi muchimiro chekufamba kwepiston kunodzokororwa, iyo inozoshandurwa kuita kutenderera kuburikidza necrankshaft. Kutenderera uku kunozotumirwa kuburikidza nesystem yekutumira simba, pakupedzisira ichitenderedza mavhiri.
Mabasa makuru einjini yemotokari ine mavhiri mana anosanganisira:
1. Gadzira simba rekufambisa mota.
2. Inopa simba kune masisitimu ekutsigira akadai sealternator (yemagetsi), AC compressor, uye power steering pombi (pane mamwe marudzi).
3. Chengetedza kugadzikana kwekushanda pasi pemamiriro akasiyana-siyana emutoro uye kutenderera.
2. Mhando dzeInjini muMotokari
Kazhinji, injini dzemotokari dzinogona kusiyaniswa zvichienderana nezvikamu zvakasiyana:
a. Zvichibva paBasa
– Injini ine 4-stroke: ine intake, compression, combustion, uye exhaust strokes. Iyi ndiyo mhando inonyanya kushandiswa mumotokari dzinotakura vanhu.
– Injini ine 2-stroke: iri nyore asi inorasika uye ine utsi hwakawanda, isingawanzo shandiswa mumotokari dzemazuva ano.
b. Zvichibva panzira yekupisa
– Injini yepeturu (spark ignition): inoshandisa ma spark plugs kubatidza moto.
– Injini yedhiziri (compression ignition): kutsva kwemafuta nekuda kwekupisa kwakanyanya nekuda kwekumanikidzwa kwemhepo.
c. Zvichibva paMarongerwo eSilinda
– Mutsetse (mumutsetse): masirindiri akatwasuka, anowanikwa mumota dzemazuva ese.
– Injini yeV: masirindiri anoumba chimiro cheV, simba guru uye dhizaini diki yemasirindiri akawanda.
– Boxer/flat: ma cylinders akatambarara, pakati pesimba regiravhiti pasi.
3. Zvikamu Zvikuru zveInjini uye Mabasa Azvo
Kuti muchina ushande, unoumbwa nezvinhu zvakawanda zvakabatana. Heano zvinhu zvakakosha:
1. Sirinda bhokisi: rinochengeta sirinda apo piston inofamba ichikwira nekudzika. Mukati mayo mune nzira dzemafuta nemvura inotonhorera.
2. Musoro wecylinder: unofukidza pamusoro pecylinder uye une mavharuvhu, ma spark plugs/injectors, uye ma intake and exhaust ducts.
3. Pistoni: inofamba ichidzokera shure nekudzoka musirindiri kuti iwane simba rekupiswa.
4. Mhete yepiston: inochengetedza kudzvanywa uye inodzivirira mafuta kuti asapinde mukamuri rinopisa.
5. Tsvimbo yepistoni (tsvimbo yekubatanidza): inobatanidza pistoni necrankshaft.
6. Crankshaft: inoshandura kufamba kunodzokororwa kuita kutenderera.
7. Camshaft: inodzora kuvhurwa nekuvharwa kwemavharuvhu zvichienderana nenguva.
8. Mavharuvhu ekupinda uye ekubudisa mweya: anodzora kufamba kwemhepo/mafuta anopinda uye gasi rekubudisa mweya rinobuda.
9. Bhandi/cheni yekufamba kwenguva: inosanganisa kutenderera kwecrankshaft necamshaft.
Kunzwisisa mashandiro ezvikamu izvi kwakakosha, nekuti matambudziko mazhinji einjini anotanga nekusakara, kubuda kwemvura, kana kusashanda zvakanaka pakati pezvikamu.
4. Nheyo yekushanda kweinjini ye4-Stroke
Mota zhinji dzemazuva ano dzinoshandisa injini ine 4-stroke. Kutenderera kwacho ndekwekuti:
1. Kurohwa nepfungwa yekudya
Pistoni inofamba ichidzika, vharuvhu yekupinda inovhurwa, musanganiswa wemhepo-mafuta (kana mhepo chete mudhiziri) unopinda musirindiri.
2. Kumanikidzwa kwekurohwa
Pistoni inokwira kumusoro, mavharuvhu ese ari maviri anovhara, uye musanganiswa wemhepo nemafuta unodzvanywa. Muinjini yepeturu, spark plug inobatidza panopera kudzvanywa; muinjini yedhiziri, mafuta anopinzwa kana mhepo yatove kupisa nekuda kwekudzvanywa.
3. Kurova kwesimba
Kutsva kunoitika, uye kumanikidzwa kunomanikidza piston pasi nesimba. Iri ndiro simba guru reinjini.
4. Kurohwa nemhepo inoburitsa utsi
Pistoni inokwira kumusoro, vharuvhu yekubuda kwemhepo inovhurika, uye magasi asara ekubatidza anobuda akananga kumhepo inobuda.
Kutenderera kamwe chete kwakakwana kunoda kutenderera kaviri kwe crankshaft. Nguva chaiyo pakati pemapistoni nemavharuvhu ndiyo chinhu chinokosha pakushanda zvakanaka, simba, uye kuburitswa kwemhepo.
5. Sisitimu Yekutsigira Muchina
Muchina haushande zvakanaka pasina masisitimu anotsigira. Mamwe masisitimu akakosha ndeaya:
a. Sisitimu yemafuta
Mota dzemazuva ano dzinowanzo shandisa fuel injection (EFI). Masensa akadai seMAF/MAP sensor, O2 sensor, uye TPS anotumira data kuECU kuti aone huwandu hwakakodzera hwefuel. Masisitimu emafuta anoshandiswa anobudirira kupfuura macarburetor nekuda kwekugona kwawo kudzora.
b. Sisitimu yekupisa (injini yepeturu)
Sisitimu yekupisa ine bhatiri, coil, spark plug, uye ECU/igniter. Coil inowedzera voltage kuitira kuti spark plug igone kuburitsa spark ine simba panguva yakakodzera.
c. Sisitimu yeKuzora
Oiri yeinjini inoderedza kukweshana, inotonhodza zvikamu, inochenesa tsvina, uye inodzivirira ngura. Zvinhu zvakakosha zvinosanganisira pombi yemafuta, sefa yemafuta, uye mitsetse yemafuta. Kushaikwa kwemafuta kana oiri inoora kunogona kukonzera kupera simba kwakanyanya uye kutokanganisa injini.
d. Sisitimu Yekutonhodza
Kupisa kunounza kupisa kwakanyanya. Sisitimu yekutonhodza inochengetedza tembiricha yakakodzera yekushanda (kazhinji inenge 80–95°C). Zvikamu zvayo zvikuru iradiator, pombi yemvura, thermostat, feni yeradiator, uye coolant. Kupisa zvakanyanya imhandu huru yeinjini, sezvo kunogona kukuvadza gasket yemusoro wecylinder, kutenderedza musoro, kana kutsemura bhokisi.
e. Masisitimu eKuburitsa Utsi neKuburitsa Hutsi
Magasi anobuda mumhepo anofambiswa nemuchina unoshandiswa pakugadzira zvinhu zvinoburitsa mweya (manifold, catalytic converter, uye muffler). Muchina uyu unoshandiswa pakugadzira zvinhu zvinoburitsa mweya unoderedza kusvibiswa kwemhepo. Muchina uyu unobatsira ECU kudzora musanganiswa wemafuta kuti pave nekubuda mweya mumhepo kushoma uye kuchengetedza mafuta.
6. Simba, Torque, uye Kushanda Nesimba
Munyika yezvemotokari, mazwi maviri makuru ndeaya:
– Torque: "simba rinotenderera" rinonzwika kana mota yatanga kufamba kana kukwira gomo.
– Simba (simba remabhiza/PS/kW): kugona kugadzira basa pachikamu chenguva, rinonzwika nekumhanya kwakanyanya kana kuti kumhanyisa kunoenderera mberi.
Injini yakanaka haina simba chete, asiwo inoshanda zvakanaka. Kushanda zvakanaka kunokonzerwa nehuwandu hwekumanikidzwa, kunaka kwekubatidzwa, kukweshana kwemukati, dhizaini yekamuri rekubatidzwa, uye nzira dzeECU dzakadai senguva yekuchinja mavharuvhu (VVT) mumotokari dzemazuva ano.
7. Kugadzirisa Kwekutanga Kuti Muchina Wako Ugare Kwenguva Refu
Ruzivo rwekutanga rweinjiniya yemakanika rune chekuitawo nemaitiro ekugadzirisa. Matanho akakosha:
1. Chinja oiri woisa sefa nguva nenguva zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nemugadziri.
2. Shandisa mafuta zvichienderana neoctane/cetane kuti upise zvakanaka.
3. Tarisa chinhu chinotonhodza mvura uye iva nechokwadi chekuti hapana mvura inobuda.
4. Chenesa sefa yemhepo kuitira kuti mhepo isavharike.
5. Ngwarira zviratidzo zvepakutanga zvakaita sekuti injini inokamhina, utsi hwakawandisa, kupisa kwakanyanya, kana ruzha rwakashata.
6. Kugadzirisa sisitimu yekuisa jekiseni nekupisa kana mashandiro akaderera kana kuti kushandiswa kwemafuta kwava kutambisa mari.
Maitiro ekutyaira anewo zvazvinoita: kudziya injini zvakakwana, kusawanzo mhanyisa injini zvakanyanya kana injini ichiri kutonhora, uye kuchengetedza mutoro wemotokari.
Mhedziso
Zvinhu zvikuru zvesainzi yeinjini yemotokari ine mavhiri mana zvinosanganisira kunzwisisa misimboti yekupiswa, mashandiro ekufamba kwepiston mukuchinjana, uye masisitimu ekutsigira mafuta, kubatidza, kunyorovesa, kutonhora, uye kuburitsa mweya. Nekunzwisisa zvikamu zvikuru uye mashandiro anoita injini ine mavhiri mana, tinogona kuona matambudziko zviri nyore, kugadzirisa zvinhu, uye kuchengetedza mashandiro akanaka einjini. Injini inochengetwa zvakanaka haingogari kwenguva yakareba chete asiwo inoshanda zvakanaka pakuchengetedza mafuta uye isingakuvadzi nharaunda.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kugadzirisa chinyorwa ichi kuita shanduro yakazara yebasa rechikoro ine chimiro (sumo-kuumbwa kwedambudziko-hurukuro-mhedziso-mabhuku ekuverenga) kana kugadzira shanduro yehunyanzvi (semuenzaniso kutarisa paEFI, ECU, uye kuongororwa kwezvikanganiso).
