Nhanganyaya yeMotokari Chassis muSainzi yeMotokari
Musainzi yemotokari, mota haingonzwisiswi semuchina unogona kufamba chete, asiwo sehurongwa hwakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvakawanda zvinoshanda pamwe chete. Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha chinowanzo kurukurwa nezvacho i chassis. Chassis ndiyo "musana" wemotokari, uko zvikamu zvikuru zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoiswa, uye inoitawo basa guru mukuona simba, kugadzikana, kunyaradzwa, uye kuchengetedzeka kwekutyaira. Kunzwisisa chassis idanho rekutanga rakakosha kune chero munhu anodzidza nezvemotokari, kungave kwekugadzirisa, kugadzirisa, kana zvinodiwa pakugadzira mota.
Kunzwisisa Chassis Yemotokari
Kazhinji, chassis ndiyo chimiro chikuru chemotokari, chinoshanda sefuremu inotsigira. Pachassis iyi ndipo panoiswa zvinhu zvakakosha zvakaita seinjini, transmission, steering system, suspension, braking system, uye muviri wemotokari. Mune mamwe mabhuku, izwi rekuti "chassis" dzimwe nguva rinosiyaniswa nerekuti "furemu." Furemu rinoreva furemu huru, nepo chassis ichiwanzo tsanangurwa zvakanyanya, ichibatanidza furemu uye masisitimu akati wandei anotsigira akadai sesuspension nemavhiri. Zvisinei, mukushandiswa kwemazuva ese kwemotokari, mazwi ekuti "chassis" uye "furemu" anowanzo shandiswa zvakafanana nerevo dzakafanana.
Chigadziko chinofanira kunge chakasimba zvakakwana kuti chikwanise kutsungirira mitoro isingachinji (huremu hwemotokari nevatakuri) uye mitoro inoshanduka (simba rinokonzerwa nekumhanyisa, kubhureka, kukona, uye mamiriro emugwagwa asina kuenzana). Uyezve, chigadziko chine basa rekuchengetedza hunyanzvi hwemotokari, kuve nechokwadi chekuti mashandiro azvo uye kugadzikana.
Basa Guru reChassis
Basa rechasisi rinogona kupfupikiswa muzvikamu zvakakosha:
1. Tsigira mutoro wemotokari
Chigadziko ichi chinotsigira huremu hwese hwemotokari, kusanganisira injini, muviri, vafambi, uye zvinhu zvinotakura.
2. Iva muridzi wezvikamu
Injini, transmission, suspension, steering rack, braking system, fuel tank, nezvimwe zvinhu zvinoiswa pachassis zvichienderana nekugadzirwa kwemugadziri.
3. Chengetedza kugadzikana uye kutonga
Kuomarara kwechassis kunokanganisa mashandiro emotokari painofamba. Chassis inochinjika zvakanyanya inogona kukonzera kusanyatsobata zvakanaka.
4. Dzivirira vafambi
Pamwe chete nemuviri nezvimwe zvimiro zvekuchengetedza, chassis yakagadzirirwawo kutora nekuparadzira simba remagetsi (kutonga simba rekudonha).
5. Inotsigira nyaradzo
Chassis yakanaka inoshanda nesuspension uye mountings kuti ideredze kudedera uye kuchengetedza kabhini yakasununguka.
Zvikamu Zvine Chekuita neChassis
Mukufunga nezvesainzi yemotokari, hurukuro dzechassis hadzigone kupatsanurwa kubva kune zvinotevera:
– Furemu huru/chimiro: chikamu chinoumba chimiro chekutanga.
– Kumiswa: kunobatanidza mavhiri nechasi uye kunobvisa kuvhunduka.
- Sisitimu yekufambisa: inodzora kutungamira kwemotokari, yakaiswa panzvimbo dzakasimba dzechasi.
- Sisitimu yebhureki: inogadzira simba rekudzikamisa mafambiro uye inogadzira simba rekuita iro chassis inofanira kutsungirira.
– Kuisa injini nemagetsi: zvinoisa injini nemagetsi zvinofanirwa kunge zvakasimba asi zvichideredzawo kudedera.
– Subframe (pane dzimwe mota): furemu yekuwedzera inotsigira injini/kumiswa, kuita kuti injini iungane zvakanaka uye kunatsiridza NVH (Ruzha, Kudedera, Kuomarara).
Mhando dzeChassis muMotokari
Kufambira mberi muhunyanzvi hwemotokari kwakaita kuti pave nemhando dzakasiyana dzema chassis anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumotokari dzemazuva ano nedzemabhizinesi. Imwe neimwe ine zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira.
1. Furemu yeMakwiro (Furemu yeMakwiro)
Furemu yemanera ifuremu yekare yakafanana nemanera: matanda maviri marefu akabatanidzwa nenhengo dzakasiyana-siyana. Rudzi urwu runoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumarori, mabhazi, uye mota dziri kunze kwemugwagwa nekuti rwakasimba zvakakwana kuti rutsigire mitoro inorema uye rutsungirire mamiriro emigwagwa akaomarara.
Zvakawandisa:
– Yakasimba uye inogona kutsungirira mitoro inorema.
- Yakakodzera mota dzemabhizimisi uye nzvimbo dzakaoma.
- Kugadzirisa furemu kuri nyore.
Kekurangan:
– Huremu hwakanyanya.
- Kubata nekunyaradza kazhinji hazvina kunaka pane monocoques.
- Pakati pesimba rinokwevera pasi rinogona kunge rakakwira zvichienderana nekugadzirwa kwaro.
2. Monocoque / Munhu mumwe chete
Monocoque chimiro umo muviri wemotokari unoshandawo sefuremu huru. Izvi zvakajairika mumotokari dzemazuva ano nekuti dzakareruka uye dzinoshanda zvakanaka.
Zvakawandisa:
– Yakareruka saka kushandisa mafuta zvakanaka kunowedzera.
- Kuomarara kwakanyanya, kubata zviri nani.
- Nzvimbo dzakapwanyika dzinogona kugadzirwa zvinobudirira kuti pave nekuchengetedzeka.
Kekurangan:
- Kana kukuvara kwechivako kukaitika, kugadzirisa kunogona kuoma uye kudhura zvakanyanya.
– Hadzina kusimba semafuremu emasitepisi ekutakura zvinhu zvakanyanya kana kugadzirisa zvinhu zvinorema.
3. Chimiro Chenzvimbo
Mafuremu emuchadenga anoshandisa furemu ine tumaburi kana chimiro chine mativi matatu (kazhinji simbi kana aruminiyamu) kugadzira furemu yakareruka asi yakasimba. Anowanzo shandiswa mumotokari dzemitambo, mota dzinoshanda zvakanyanya, uye dzimwe mota dzemujaho.
Zvakawandisa:
- Yakaoma zvikuru asi yakareruka zvishoma.
- Yakakodzera kushanda kwepamusoro.
Kekurangan:
- Maitiro ekugadzira akaomarara.
- Mari yakawanda yekugadzira.
4. Furemu yeMusana
Furemu yemusana ine chimiro chepakati, chakaita semusana chinopfuura nepakati pemotokari, nezvimwe zvinhu zvakasungirirwa zvakaipoteredza. Dhizaini iyi haina kunyanya kuwanda, asi yakashandiswa pane dzimwe mota.
Zvakawandisa:
– Kuomarara munzira yakati.
- Chivako chakasimba chepakati.
Kekurangan:
- Kudzivirira kukuvara kwemusana kunogona kuoma zvakanyanya.
- Hazvichinji-chinji semamwe magadzirirwo emhando dzakasiyana dzemotokari.
Zvinhu zveChassis uye Zvaunofanira Kufunga Nezve
Zvinhu zvinoshandiswa mu chassis zvinokanganisa zvikuru huremu hwayo, simba rayo, mutengo wayo, uye kuramba kwayo ngura. Zvimwe zvezvinhu zvinoshandiswa zvinosanganisira:
– Simbi: inonyanya kushandiswa nekuti yakasimba, inochinjika, uye yakachipa. Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzinobva kusimbi isina kusimba kusvika kusimbi yakasimba.
– Aruminiyamu: yakareruka, inodzivirira ngura, asi inodhura uye inoda nzira dzakasiyana dzekubatanidza.
– Zvinhu zvakasanganiswa (kabhoni fiber, fiberglass): zvakareruka uye zvakasimba, asi zvinodhura zvakanyanya saka zvinonyanya kuwanikwa mumotokari huru kana mota dzemujaho.
– Zvinhu zvakasanganiswa (zvinhu zvakawanda): fashoni yemazuva ano ndeyekubatanidza simbi yakasimba nearuminiyamu kuti simba, huremu uye mutengo zvienzane.
Mukugadzirwa kwemotokari dzemazuva ano, kuderedza huremu hwechasi kwakakosha nekuti kunokanganisa zvakananga kushandiswa kwemafuta uye utsi. Zvisinei, kuderedza huremu hakufanirwe kukanganisa kuchengetedzeka nekugara kwenguva refu.
Hunhu Hunokosha hweChassis: Simba uye Kuomarara
Mashoko maviri anowanzo taurwa muhurukuro dzechassis isimba uye kuomarara. Simba rinoreva kugona kwechassis kutsungirira mitoro isina kukundikana (kutyoka kana kushanduka zvachose). Kuomarara, kune rumwe rutivi, kunoreva kuti chassis inogonya zvakadii kana ikashandiswa; chassis yakasimba inogonya zvishoma, zvichikonzera kumiswa kwakasimba uye kubata kwakanyatsojeka.
Kuomarara kwekutenderera (kuramba kutenderera) kwakakoshawo zvikuru, kunyanya kana uri pakona kana kufamba pamusoro penzvimbo dzisina kuenzana. Mota dzine kuomarara kwakanyanya kutenderera dzinowanzoita sedzakasimba uye dzakagadzikana, uye suspension yadzo iri nyore kugadzirisa.
Chassis muChinyorwa Chekugadzirisa uye Kugadzirisa
Muzviitiko zvemotokari, chassis ndiyo inowanzo tariswa pakuongorora mamiriro emotokari, kunyanya kumotokari dzakamboshandiswa kana mota dzakamborovera. Kukuvadzwa kwechassis kunogona kukonzera matambudziko akakomba akadai se:
- mota inowanzo dhonza divi rimwe chete,
- kusashanda zvakanaka kwematayi,
- kusagadzikana kwekubata,
- magonhi kana mapaneru emuviri haana kunyatsojeka,
– majoini anobuda nekuda kwekushanduka kweganda.
Pakugadzirisa mota, vamwe vanhu vanowedzera strut bars, roll cages, kana frame reinforcements kuti vawedzere kuomarara. Zvisinei, kugadzirisa chassis kunofanirwa kuitwa nokungwarira, sezvo kunogona kukanganisa hunhu hwekuchinja kwemotokari painodonha uye pamutemo wayo.
Penutup
Chigadziko chinhu chakakosha mumotokari, chichiita basa rakakosha sekutsigira, chinobatanidza zvikamu, chinosarudza hunhu hwekutyaira, uye rutsigiro rwekuchengetedza. Musainzi yemotokari, kunzwisisa chigadziko zvinoreva kunzwisisa hwaro hwechimiro chemotokari: mashandiro anoita masimba, mashandisirwo anoitwa masisitimu ekusimudzira nekufambisa, uye kuti dhizaini yemafuremu inokanganisa sei mashandiro uye nyaradzo. Nekunzwisisa mhando dzechigadziko dzakadai semafuremu emanera, monocoques, mafuremu emuchadenga, uye mafuremu emusana, tinogona kuona kuti dhizaini yega yega ine basa rakasiyana uye mashandisirwo ainoda. Pakupedzisira, chigadziko chinopfuura kungova "furemu," asi chinhu chikuru cheinjiniya yemotokari chinosarudza mhando yemotokari kana mota yese.
