Nheyo Inoshanda yeInjini yePeturu muUinjiniya hweMotokari Hwekutanga
Injini yekupisa moto (injini yepeturu) imhando yeinjini yekupisa moto inonyanya kushandiswa mumotokari diki dzakadai semidhudhudhu nemotokari dzevatakuri. Muinjiniya yemotokari, kunzwisisa misimboti yekushanda kweinjini yepeturu ihwaro hwakakosha usati waongorora masisitimu akaomarara akadai sekupinza mafuta mumagetsi, kudzora kuburitsa mweya, kana kuongororwa kwezvikanganiso. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura pfungwa huru dzeinjini yepeturu, mashandiro ayo, zvikamu zvakakosha, uye zvinhu zvinopesvedzera kushanda kwayo nekushanda kwayo.
Kunzwisisa uye Pfungwa Dzekutanga dzeInjini dzePeturu
Injini dzepeturu dzinoshanda nekushandura simba remakemikari remafuta epeturu kuita simba rekupisa kuburikidza nekupisa, dzozoshandura simba iri kuita simba remakanika muchimiro chekutenderera kwecrankshaft. Kutenderera uku kunozoendeswa kune simba remagetsi uye kumavhiri emotokari.
Chinhu chakasiyana neinjini yepeturu ndechekuti inobatidza musanganiswa wemhepo nemafuta ichishandisa spark plug. Saka, mainjini epeturu anowanzonzi mainjini ekupisa spark. Kusiyana neinjini dzedhiziri, dzinobatidza nekuda kwekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya, mainjini epeturu anoda sisitimu yekupisa kuti abudise spark.
Mukudzidzira kwemotokari, mainjini epeturu anowanzo kuwanikwa mumhando mbiri dzemabhasikoro: mainjini e4-stroke (4-stroke) uye mainjini e2-stroke (2-stroke). Parizvino, mainjini e4-stroke ndiwo anonyanya kushandiswa nekuti anoshanda zvakanyanya uye ane utsi hwakaderera, nepo mainjini e2-stroke ari nyore asi anoparadza uye anosvibisa zvakanyanya.
Zvikamu Zvikuru zveInjini yePeturu
Kuti tinzwisise musimboti wekushanda, tinofanira kuziva zvinhu zvikuru zvinobatanidzwa zvakananga mukutenderera kwekupisa:
1. Sirinda nepistoni: uko kudzvanywa nekupiswa kunoitika. Pistoni inofamba ichikwira nekudzika mukati mesirinda.
2. Tsvimbo yekubatanidza (tsvimbo yepiston): inobatanidza piston necrankshaft.
3. Crankshaft: inoshandura kufamba kwepiston kumusoro-pasi kuita kufamba kwerotary.
4. Musoro wecylinder: nzvimbo yekamuri yekupisa, vharuvhu yekupinda, vharuvhu yekubuda, chivharo chespark, uye nzira yekupinda/yekuburitsa.
5. Mavharuvhu ekupinda nekubuda kwemhepo: anodzora kufamba kwemusanganiswa wemhepo-mafuta uye magasi ekupisa.
6. Camshaft (camshaft): inodzora nguva yekuvhurwa nekuvhara kwevharuvhu nenzira chaiyo kuburikidza nekushandisa nguva.
7. Sisitimu yemafuta: kabhureta kana jekiseni, inoshanda kugadzira musanganiswa wemhepo nepeturu.
8. Sisitimu yekupisa: inogadzira voltage yakakwira yekubatidza chivharo chekupisa.
9. Sisitimu yekuzora: inoderedza kukweshana uye inotonhodza zvikamu.
10. Sisitimu yekutonhodza: inochengetedza tembiricha yekushanda kweinjini yakagadzikana.
Zvese zvikamu izvi zvinoshanda pamwe chete. Kusashanda zvakanaka kwechimwe chazvo kunogona kuderedza mashandiro, kuwedzera kushandiswa kwemafuta, kana kukonzera kukuvara kukuru.
Mashandiro anoita Injini yePeturu ine Stroke 4
Injini yepeturu ine 4-stroke inopedzisa work cycle imwe chete mu piston stroke ina uye crankshaft revolutions mbiri. Aya ma stroke mana ndeaya:
1. Kurohwa Kwemudumbu Nekunwa
Piston inotama kubva kuTop Dead Center (TDC) kuenda kuBottom Dead Center (BDC). Panguva iyi, vharuvhu yekupinda inenge yakavhurika uye vharuvhu yekubuda nayo inenge yavharwa. Kufamba kwepiston kunoderedza kumanikidzwa kuri musirindiri, zvichiita kuti musanganiswa wemhepo nemafuta upinde mukamuri resirindiri kuburikidza neincoming manifold.
Mumainjini emazuva ano anopinzwa mafuta, mhepo inopinda nemu throttle body, ukuwo peturu ichipfapfaidzwa nema injectors zvichienderana nemirairo yeECU. Muinjini dzine carbureted, musanganiswa wacho unoumbwa nekusiyana kwekumanikidzwa (venturi effect).
2. Kumanikidzwa kweStroke
Pistoni inokwira kubva kuBDC kuenda kuTDC. Mavharuvhu ese ekupinda neokubuda nawo akavharwa zvakasimba. Musanganiswa wemhepo nemafuta unodzvanywa, zvichiwedzera tembiricha nekumanikidzwa kwawo. Kudzvanywa kwakakosha nekuti musanganiswa wakadzvanywa unogadzira moto une simba guru kana ukapiswa.
Pakupera kwekumanikidzwa, piston isati yasvika paTDC, spark plug inobvira. Nguva iyi inonzi ignition timing uye inokanganisa zvakanyanya simba reinjini uye kushanda zvakanaka kwayo.
3. Simba/Kuwedzera Stroke
Mushure mekunge spark plug yatanga kurira, musanganiswa wemhepo nemafuta unokurumidza kupisa, zvichikonzera kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya. Kumanikidzwa uku kunosundira piston pasi kubva kuTDC kuenda kuBDC. Uku ndiko kurovera kunoita kuti simba ribude. Kufamba kwepiston kunopfuudzwa netsvimbo yekubatanidza kuenda kucrankshaft.
Padanho iri, kutsva kwakakodzera kunofanira kuitika nenzira yakarongwa. Kana kutsva kwacho kuchikurumidza uye kusina kujairika, kugogodza kunogona kuitika, izvo zvine njodzi kuinjini.
4. Kurohwa Nemhepo Inopisa
Pistoni inokwira kubva kuBDC kuenda kuTDC. Vharuvhu yekubuda inovhurika apo vharuvhu yekubuda inovhara. Magasi ekubuda anomanikidzwa kubuda mu exhaust manifold uye mu exhaust system. Mushure mekunge magasi aburitswa, denderedzwa rinodzokera ku intake stroke.
Muinjini chaiyo, pane izwi rinonzi vharuvhu inopindirana, rinoitika kana vharuvhu yekupinda inotanga kuvhurika vharuvhu yekubuda isina kuvharwa zvizere. Kupindirana kunobatsira kubvisa magasi akasara uye kunowedzera kushanda zvakanaka kwevolumetric pa rpm yakatarwa.
Mashandiro Anoita Injini yePeturu ine Zvironda Zviviri (Pfupiso)
Injini ine ma "2-stroke" inopedzisa basa rimwe chete mu "piston stroke" mbiri uye "crankshaft revolution" imwe chete. Maitiro ekupinda, kudzvanya, simba, uye kuburitsa mweya anopindirana, kazhinji achishandisa ma "ports" ari mumadziro esirinda panzvimbo pema "valve" seinjini ine ma "4-stroke".
Zvakanakira: kugadzirwa kuri nyore uye simba rinobuda zvakanyanya pakufambiswa kwemotokari. Zvakashata: kusanganiswa kwemafuta kakawanda, kupisa kushoma, kushandiswa kwemafuta akawanda, uye kusvibiswa kwakawanda. Nekuda kwezvinetso zveutsi hwemotokari, mainjini ane ma stroke maviri ari kuwedzera kushomeka mumotokari dzemazuva ano.
Zvinhu Zvinokanganisa Kushanda Kweinjini yePeturu
Muinjiniya yemotokari, zvimwe zvinhu zvakakosha zvinosarudza mashandiro uye kushanda zvakanaka kweinjini yepeturu zvinosanganisira:
1. Chiyero chekudzvanywa
Kuwanda kwekumanikidzwa kunowanzo wedzera kushanda zvakanaka kwekupisa, asi kunogona kukonzera kudonha kana octane yepeturu isingakodzeri.
2. Hunhu hwemusanganiswa wemhepo nemafuta (AFR)
Musanganiswa wakakodzera (stoichiometric) wepeturu ungangoita 14,7:1 (mhepo:mafuta). Musanganiswa wakawandisa unoparadza uye une utsi, nepo musanganiswa wakanyanya kusasimba unogona kukonzera kuti injini iwedzere kupisa uye irasikirwe nesimba.
3. Nguva yekubatidza
Kubatidza nekukurumidza kana kunonoka kunoderedza simba uye kunowedzera kushandiswa kwemafuta. Injini dzemazuva ano dzinodzora izvi nemagetsi.
4. Mamiriro ehurongwa hwekubatidza moto
Mapuragi emoto akasakara, macoil asina simba, kana waya dzisina kunaka zvinogona kukonzera zvikanganiso, kushandiswa kwemafuta akawanda, uye utsi husina kunaka.
5. Mamiriro emuchina
Kudzvanywa kwakaderera kwesilinda nekuda kwemaringi episton akasakara kana mavharuvhu anodonhedza mvura kunokonzera simba risinganyanyi kushanda uye kuoma kutanga.
6. Sisitimu yekutonhodza uye yekuzora
Kupisa zvakanyanya kunogona kukuvadza zvikamu, nepo mafuta asina kunaka achikurumidzisa kupera.
Mhedziso
Pfungwa yekushanda kweinjini yepeturu inonyanya kukosha pakusveta musanganiswa wemhepo nemafuta, kuidzvanya, kuibatidza nespark plug kuti ibudise simba, uye wozoburitsa magasi asara ekupisa. Muinjini yepeturu ine 4-stroke, kutenderera uku kunoitika kuburikidza nekurovera kwepiston kane sequential: intake, compression, power, uye exhaust. Kunzwisisa zvikamu zvikuru, kutevedzana kwecycle, uye zvinhu zvinopesvedzera kupisa kunobatsira zvikuru mukudzidza matekiniki ekutanga emotokari—kungave kwekugadzirisa nguva dzose, kugadzirisa, kana kugadzirisa matambudziko.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kuwedzera mufananidzo uri nyore we 4-stroke cycle, tafura yekufananidza mainjini e 2-stroke vs. 4-stroke, kana pfupiso ine mabhurugwa ezvinyorwa zvekudzidza.
