Kudzidza kweParticle Physics
Physics yezvikamu, inowanzonzi high-energy physics, ibazi refizikisi rinoongorora zvikamu zvekutanga zvinoumba zvinhu uye kudyidzana kuripo pakati pazvo. Zvikamu izvi zvinosanganisira quarks, leptons, bosons, nezvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda zvepasi zvinoumba matombo ekuvaka muchadenga. Chidzidzo ichi hachingopi ruzivo rwakadzama pamusoro pemaumbirwo azvo chete asiwo chinoburitsa zvakavanzika zvechadenga padanho diki rinogoneka.
Nhoroondo Pfupi yeParticle Physics
Fizikisi yemazuva ano ye particles yakatanga kutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 nekuwanikwa kwemaerekitironi naJ.J. Thomson muna 1897. Muhafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechi20, kuwanikwa kweproton ne neutron naErnest Rutherford naJames Chadwick kwakawedzera chinhu chakakosha pakunzwisisa fizikisi ye subatomic. Nguva iyi yakateverwa nekuvandudzwa kwe quantum theory uye special relativity , izvo zvakashandura maonero emasayendisiti ekudyidzana kwe particles pa subatomic scale.
Kuwanikwa kwezvimedu zvakaita sema neutrinos, ma pion, nema muon kwakagadzira nzira yetafura yakaoma yezvimedu zvepakutanga . Mushure meHondo Yenyika II, kuvakwa kwezvinhu zvinomhanyisa zvimedu zvakaita seCERN muEurope neFermilab muUnited States zvakaita kuti pave nezvakawanda zvakakosha zvakawanikwa mufizikisi yezvimedu.
Muenzaniso Wakajairika weParticle Physics
Standard Model ndiyo dzidziso yakabudirira zvikuru pakutsanangura zvidimbu zvekutanga uye kudyidzana kwazvo. Zvose zviri zviviri electroweak (kubatanidza electromagnetism nekudyidzana kusina simba) uye quantum chromodynamic (nekubatana kwakasimba). Kazhinji, zvidimbu zviri muStandard Model zvakakamurwa muzvikamu zviviri zvikuru: fermions nebosons.
Fermion dzakakamurwazve kuita mapoka maviri: quarks neleptons. Quarks izvikamu zvinoumba mapurotoni nema neutron, izvo zvinoumba atomic nuclei. Kune mhando nhanhatu dzequarks: kumusoro, pasi, charm, strange, kumusoro, uye pasi. Leptons ine maerekitironi, muons, taus, uye neutrinos dzavo.
MaBoson zvimedu zvinotungamira masimba makuru. Semuenzaniso, maphoton ndiwo anotakura simba remagetsi, magluon ndiwo anotakura simba rakasimba, uye maW neZ boson ndiwo anotakura simba risina simba. Higgs boson, iyo yakawanikwa muna 2012 kuCERN, inopa nzira inotsanangura kuti zvimedu zvinokosha zvinowana sei huremu hwazvo.
Kuedza uye Zviwanikwa
Tsvagiridzo mufizikisi yezvipenyu inotsamira zvakanyanya pakuyedza kunoitwa mumarabhoritari ekuwedzera simba rezvipenyu. CERN (European Organisation for Nuclear Research), ine Large Hadron Collider (LHC) accelerator, ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzinotungamira dzekutsvaga uku. Iyi accelerator inokurumidza zvipenyu kuti zvimhanye pedyo nekumhanya kwechiedza uye yozozvibatanidza pamwe chete kuti zvigadzire mamiriro esimba rakawanda akafanana nenguva yakatevera Big Bang.
Zvishandiso zvekuongorora zvidimbu chikamu chakakosha chekuedza kwefizikisi yezvidimbu, zvichibatsira kuongorora mhedzisiro yekuroverana kwezvidimbu. Semuenzaniso, zvishandiso zvikuru zvakaita seATLAS neCMS paLHC zvinoshandiswa kuona zvidimbu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinogadzirwa mukuroverana. Zvishandiso izvi zvinobvumira nyanzvi dzefizikisi kuona zvidimbu zvitsva uye maitiro asingaonekwe zvakananga.
Zvidimbu Zvinotonhorera zveRamangwana: Zvidimbu Zvakafanana Zvikuru uye Zvidimbu Zvitema
Kunyange hazvo Standard Model yakabudirira zvinoshamisa, mibvunzo yakawanda ichiripo isina kupindurwa. Imwe yeiyi ndeye kuvapo kwechinhu cherima , icho chinoumba inenge 27% yenyika yose. Kunyange hazvo kuvapo kwechinhu cherima kuchigona kuratidzwa nemhedzisiro yaro yekukwevera pasi, zvidimbu zvinochiumba hazvisati zvaonekwa.
Pamusoro pezvo, dzidziso ye supersymmetry (SUSY) imwe dzidziso inoedza kuwedzera Standard Model. SUSY inokurudzira kuti pachinhu chimwe nechimwe chiri mu Standard Model, pane "superpartner" ine huremu hwakakwira. Dzidziso iyi inogona kupa ruzivo nezvedambudziko reHiggs mass, hierarchy, uye pamwe dark matter.
Mashandisirwo eParticle Physics muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva
Kunyangwe kudzidza nezvefizikisi yezvikamu kungaita sekunge kuri kwedzidziso uye kuri kure nehupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kwakaita mipiro mikuru mukuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji dzatinoshandisa zuva nezuva. Muenzaniso mumwe ndewekuvandudzwa kweWorld Wide Web (WWW) kuCERN nechinangwa chekugovana data rekuyedza fizikisi yezvikamu. Mamwe matekinoroji, akadai se positron emission tomography (PET) scans mukurapa , anewo midzi yawo mukutsvagisa fizikisi yezvikamu.
Kuongorora Kwepamusoro uye Kwemangwana
Physics yezvikamu ibasa rinogara richichinja rinotarisana nematambudziko anonakidza. Dambudziko guru nderekuwana kunzwisisa kuri nani kwegiravhiti pachikero chequantum, icho pari zvino chisina kufukidzwa zvakanaka neStandard Model. String theory uye loop quantum gravity kuedza kaviri kubatanidza graviti nemisimboti yequantum mechanics.
Kuenderera mberi, kuyedza kwefizikisi yezvipenyu kuchaenderera mberi netariro yekuwana zvipenyu zvitsva uye kudyidzana kunogona kutungamira nyanzvi dzefizikisi kunguva itsva yekunzwisisa cosmos. Kuyedza uku kuchaitwa kwete chete pazvipenyu zvikuru zvinomhanyisa zvinhu zvakaita seLHC, asiwo mune mamwe mapurojekiti akasiyana-siyana ekuyedza, akadai sekuyedza kwepasi pevhu neutrino detector kana muchadenga uchishandisa cosmic rays.
Mhedziso
Physics yezvikamu inyaya isingangonakidze chete mupfungwa asiwo inokosha pakufambira mberi kwesainzi netekinoroji. Kubva pakunzwisisa zvinhu zvikuru zvepasi rose kusvika pakuvandudza matekinoroji anovandudza hupenyu, simba refizikisi yezvikamu rakakura uye rine simba. Nehunyanzvi hutsva hwekuyedza uye dzidziso dzinogara dzichivandudzwa, remangwana refizikisi yezvikamu rizere netariro uye nguva dzinochinja nyika dzekuwana ruzivo.
