Zvinhu zveFizikisi zveChikoro Chesekondari zveGiredhi Regumi
Fizikisi isainzi yechisikigo inodzidza zviitiko zvechisikigo uye hunhu hwezvinhu. Padanho rechikoro chesekondari, fizikisi inyaya inokosha nekuti inogadzirira vadzidzi kunzwisisa pfungwa dzakasiyana-siyana dzinokosha dzichabatsira mudzidzo yepamusoro kana muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Inotevera ongororo yezvidzidzo zvefizikisi zvakadzidzwa kuchikoro chesekondari chegiredhi regumi, zvichibva pane zvidzidzo zvinoshanda.
1. Nhanganyaya kuFizikisi
1.1 Tsanangudzo uye Chimiro cheFizikisi
Fizikisi inobva pashoko rekuti "physikos," zvichireva kuti zvakasikwa. Fizikisi inodzidza zviitiko zvechisikigo, zvese padanho remacro, zvatinogona kuona zvakananga, uye padanho remicro, zvakaita se zvidimbu zvepasi peatomu. Basa refizikisi rinofukidza nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzakadai semakanika, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, optics, uye fizikisi yemazuva ano.
1.2 Nzira yeSainzi
Nzira yesainzi inzira yakarongeka inoshandiswa mukutsvagisa fizikisi. Matanho enzira yesainzi anosanganisira kutarisa, kugadzira fungidziro, kuyedza, kuongorora data, uye mhedziso. Kushandisa nzira yesainzi kwakakosha pakugadzira ruzivo rwechokwadi uye rwakavimbika.
2. Huwandu uye Zvikamu
2.1 Huwandu Hwekutanga uye Huwandu Hwakawanikwa
Huwandu hwekutanga huwandu hunoumba hwaro hwehumwe huwandu uye hune mayuniti akatarwa, akadai sehurefu (mita), huremu (kirogiramu), nenguva (yechipiri). Huwandu hunobva muhuwandu hwekutanga, semuenzaniso, kumhanya (mita pasekondi) uye kumhanyisa (mita pasekondi yakaenzana nemativi mana).
2.2 Sisitimu Yenyika Dzese (SI)
Sisitimu Yenyika Yose (SI) isystem yemayuniti anoshandiswa pasi rose musainzi. Chiyero cheSI chehurefu imita (m), huremu ikirogiramu (kg), nguva isecond (s), magetsi emagetsi iampere (A), tembiricha ikelvin (K), huwandu hwechinhu imole (mol), uye kupenya kwechiedza ikenduru (cd).
3. Vekitori
3.1 Tsanangudzo yeVector
Vector huwandu hune hukuru negwara. Mienzaniso yehuwandu hwevector ispeed, acceleration, uye force. Vector inoratidzwa semuseve une hurefu hunoenderana nehukuru hwawo uye gwara rawo rinoenderana negwara revector.
3.2 Mashandiro eVector
Mashandiro ekutanga evector anosanganisira kuwedzera, kubvisa, uye kuwanda kwe scalar. Kuti tiwedzere mavector maviri, tinogona kushandisa nzira ye parallelogram kana nzira ye triangle. Neimwe nzira, mavector anogona kumiririrwa nezvikamu zvavo zve x, y, uye z muCartesian coordinates.
4. Kufamba Kwakatwasuka
4.1 Kufamba Yakarurama uye Yakajairika (GLB)
GLB kufamba kwechinhu chiri munzira yakatwasuka nekumhanya kusingachinji. Equation yekutanga yeGLB ndeye \(s = v \times t\), apo \(s\) iri daro, \(v\) iri kumhanya, uye \(t\) iri nguva.
4.2 Kufamba Kwemutsetse Kwakakurumidziswa Zvakafanana (GLBB)
GLBB kufamba kwechinhu chiri munzira yakatwasuka ine kukurumidza kunogara kuripo. Maequation anoshandiswa muGLBB anosanganisira \(v = u + a \times t\),\(s = u \times t + \frac{1}{2} a \times t^2\), uye \(v^2 = u^2 + 2a \times s\), apo \(u\) iri kumhanya kwekutanga, \(v\) iri kumhanya kwekupedzisira, \(a\) iri kukurumidza, \(t\) iri nguva, uye \(s\) iri daro.
5.1 Mutemo wekutanga waNewton
Mutemo wekutanga waNewton, unozivikanwawo semutemo wekusaita chinhu, unoti chinhu chinoramba chakazorora kana kufamba kwakafanana mumutsara wakatwasuka kunze kwekunge simba rachichinja. Kusaita chinhu inzira yekuti chinhu chirambe chichifamba.
5.2 Mutemo Wechipiri waNewton
Mutemo weChipiri waNewton unotsanangura hukama huripo pakati pesimba, huremu, uye kukurumidza, izvo zvinoumbwa se \(F = m \times a\), apo \(F\) isimba, \(m\) ihuremu, uye \(a\) ikukurumidza. Mutemo uyu unoratidza kuti kukurumidza kwechinhu kwakaenzana nesimba rinoshanda pachiri uye kwakaenzana nehuremu hwacho.
5.3 Mutemo wechitatu waNewton
Mutemo wechitatu waNewton unoti chiito chega chega chinopa maitiro akaenzana uye akasiyana. Semuenzaniso, kana tikasunda madziro nesimba rakati, madziro achashandisawo simba rakaenzana asi rakapesana patiri.
6. Simba Nesimba
6.1 Tsanangudzo yeBhizinesi
Basa (W) mufizikisi rinotsanangurwa sehukuru hwesimba rinoita kuti chinhu chifambe munzira yesimba. Fomura yebasa ndeiyi \(W = F \times s \times \cos \theta\), apo \(F\) isimba, \(s\) isimba rekutama, uye \(\theta\) ikona iri pakati penzira yesimba nekutama.
6.2 Kinetic uye Simba Rinogona Kuwanikwa
Kinetic energy (EK) isimba rine chinhu nekuda kwekufamba kwacho, rakaverengerwa uchishandisa fomura \(EK = \frac{1}{2} m \times v^2\). Simba rinogona kuwanikwa (EP) isimba rine chinhu nekuda kwenzvimbo yacho, kunyanya nekuda kwekukwirira kwacho pamusoro penyika, nefomura (EP = m times g times h), apo (m) iri huremu, (g) iri kukurumidza kwegiravhiti, uye (h) iri kureba.
6.3 Mutemo weKuchengetedza Simba
Mutemo wekuchengetedza simba unoti simba harigone kugadzirwa kana kuparadzwa, asi rinogona kushandurwa kubva muchimiro chimwe kuenda kune chimwe. Simba rose riri muhurongwa hwakavharwa harichinji.
7. Kukurumidza uye Kukurumidza
7.1 Kufambira mberi
Momentum inhamba inoyera kuoma kwekumisa chinhu chinofamba, uye inogadzirwa se \(p = m \times v\), apo \(p\) iri momentum, \(m\) iri mass, uye \(v\) iri velocity.
7.2 Kufungidzira
Kufurirwa (Impulse) ndiko kuchinja kwesimba rinoita kuti simba rishande kana chinhu chikafamba kwenguva yakati. Fomura yepfungwa ndi (I = F inowanza Delta t), apo (I) iri impulse, (F) isimba, uye (Delta t) iri nguva inopindirana.
7.3 Mutemo weKuchengetedza Simba
Mutemo wekuchengetedza simba unotaura kuti simba rese rehurongwa risati raitika uye raitika mushure mekusangana kwenjodzi rakafanana, chero bedzi pasina simba rekunze riri kushanda pahurongwa.
8. Kudedera uye Mafungu
8.1 Kudengenyeka kweHarmonic
Kudengenyeka kuri nyore kweharmonic (SHM) kudengenyeka kunoitika nekuda kwesimba rekudzorera riri proportional uye rakapesana nekwakasiyana kubva panzvimbo ye equilibrium. SHM inogona kutsanangurwa ne equation \(x(t) = A \cos(\omega t + \phi)\), apo \(A\) iri amplitude, \(\omega\) iri angular frequency, uye \(\phi\) iri initial phase.
8.2 Mafungu
Mafungu mafambiro anopararira nepakati kana munzvimbo. Mafungu akakamurwa kuita mafungu anochinjika uye akareba zvichibva pagwara rekufamba kwechinhu chacho. Mafungu anotenderera akaita semafungu ari pamusoro pemvura, nepo mafungu enguva refu akaita semafungu eruzha ari mumhepo.
8.3 Zvimiro zveMafungu
Mafungu ane zvinhu zvakakosha zvakaita se reflection (re-emission), refraction (refraction), diffraction (kukotama), uye interference (superposition).
Mhedziso
Kunzwisisa zvinhu zvefizikisi mugiredhi rechigumi idanho rekutanga rakakosha mukudzidza fizikisi. Nekunzwisisa pfungwa dzekutanga dzakadai sehuwandu nemayuniti, mitemo yaNewton yekufamba, simba, simba, uye mafungu, vadzidzi vanogona kuvaka hwaro hwakasimba hwekudzidza misoro yepamusoro mugiredhi rechigumi nerimwe neregumi nemaviri. Zvinotarisirwa kuti nekunzwisisa uku, vadzidzi havazongogadziri bvunzo dzedzidzo chete asiwo vachakwanisa kushandisa ruzivo rwavo rwefizikisi muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
