Kuongorora kweTransverse uye Longitudinal Wave
Mafungu zviitiko zvepanyama umo simba rinotamiswa kuburikidza nechinhu (kana kutoti vacuum) kubva panzvimbo imwe kuenda kune imwe. Mafungu anoita basa rakakosha muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kubva pamanzwi atinonzwa kusvika kuzuva rinopa chiedza nesimba. Kune mhando mbiri huru dzemafungu zvichibva pagwara rekufamba kwezvikamu : mafungu anochinjika uye mafungu enguva refu. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura musiyano uripo pakati pemhando mbiri idzi dzemafungu, hunhu hwadzo, mashandisirwo adzo, uye mienzaniso chaiyo.
Mafungu Akachinjika
Tsanangudzo uye Mienzaniso
Wave inochinjika iwave umo zvidimbu zvepakati zvinodedera zvakananga kune kwazvinopararira. Nemamwe mashoko, kana wave ikaenda kurudyi, zvidimbu zviri pakati zvinodedera kumusoro nekudzika. Mienzaniso yekare yemafungu anochinjika iwave dzemvura nemafungu echiedza.
Hunhu
1. Amplitude: Mumafungu anochinjika, amplitude idaro guru rechinhu chiri pakati pechinhu kubva panzvimbo yacho yekuenzana (pakati). Amplitude ndiyo inosarudza simba remafungu—amplitude yakakura, simba rinotakurwa rakakura.
2. Kureba kweWave (λ): Kureba kweWave idaro riri pakati penzvimbo mbiri dzakatevedzana dziri muchikamu chimwe chete, semuenzaniso misoro miviri kana mipata miviri.
3. Kuwanda (f): Kuwanda kwemafungu ndiko kuwanda kwemafungu anopfuura nepamwero wakapihwa pachikamu chenguva, kazhinji kacho anoyerwa muHertz (Hz).
4. Kumhanya (v): Kumhanya kwemafungu ndiko kumhanya uko mafungu anopararira kuburikidza nepakati, zvichiverengerwa ne equation v = f λ.
Kushanda
Mafungu aya anochinjika ane mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana akakosha, kunyanya mukuona nekutaurirana. Heano mimwe mienzaniso:
1. Mafungu eElectromagnetic: Chiedza, kusanganisira infrared, ultraviolet, uye mafungu eredhiyo, mafungu anochinjika asingade medium kuti afambe.
2. Kuona Kudengenyeka Kwenyika: Kunyange zvazvo mafungu ekudengenyeka kwenyika achisanganisira marudzi ese emafungu, mafungu eS (mafungu eShear) mafungu anochinjika anopa ruzivo rwakakosha mukuona nekuongorora kudengenyeka kwenyika.
3. Tekinoroji yeFiber Optic: Chiedza chinofamba nefiber ye optical muenzaniso chaiwo wemafungu anochinjika. Tekinoroji iyi inobvumira kutaurirana kwedata nekukurumidza uye zvinobudirira .
Mafungu Enguva Refu
Tsanangudzo uye Mienzaniso
Mafungu erefu mafungu umo zvidimbu zvepakati zvinodedera zvinoenderana nekwakapararira mafungu. Muenzaniso unowanzoonekwa wefungu rerefu ifungu reruzha. Kana fungu rikaenda kurudyi, zvidimbu zviri pakati zvinodedera zvichidzokera shure, pamwe nekurudyi nekuruboshwe.
Hunhu
1. Kudzvanywa uye Kusawanikwa: Mafungu erefu anosanganisira nzvimbo uko zvidimbu zvepakati zvinodzvanywa (kudzvanywa) nenzvimbo uko zvidimbu izvi zvakapararira zvakanyanya (kusawanikwa).
2. Amplitude: Amplitude ye longitudinal wave inoyerwa nekuti compression ne rarefaction zvinoenzaniswa zvakasimba sei nenzvimbo ye equilibrium.
3. Kureba kweWave (λ): Mumafungu enguva refu, kureba kwewave kunoyerwa sedaro riri pakati pemapoinzi maviri akatevedzana ekumanikidzwa kana mapoinzi maviri akatevedzana erarefaction.
4. Frequency (f) uye Speed (v): Kungofanana nemafungu anotenderera, frequency nekumhanya zvinoyerwawo uchishandisa equation imwechete, iyo v = f λ.
Kushanda
Kunyangwe zvichiwanzo furatirwa kana tichienzanisa nemafungu anochinjika, mafungu enguva refu ane mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana uye akakosha. Heano mimwe mienzaniso:
1. Mafungu Eruzha: Kushandiswa kwakajeka kwemafungu eruzha iruzha. Kutaurirana nemashoko, mimhanzi, uye mhedzisiro yeruzha zvese zvinoenderana nemafungu eruzha anofamba mumhepo kana mune dzimwe nzira.
2. Ultrasonic: Mafungu eUltrasonic mafungu erefu ane mafrequency ari pamusoro pemuganho wekunzwa kwevanhu. Mashandisirwo eUltrasonic anosanganisira tekinoroji yekurapa yekufungidzira (ultrasound), sonar yekufamba pasi pemvura uye kuona zvinhu, uye kuchenesa kweultrasonic.
3. Kuedza Kusingaparadze: Munzira iyi, mafungu enguva refu anoshandiswa kuona zvikanganiso kana kusakwana kwezvinhu pasina kuzvikuvadza. Nzira dzakadai sekuona zvikanganiso zve ultrasonic dzinoshandisa misimboti yemafungu enguva refu.
Kuongorora Kuenzanisa
Misiyano Yakakosha
1. Kutungamira kweParticle Vibration: Mumafungu anochinjika, zvidimbu zvinodedera zvakananga kune divi rekufamba kwemafungu, nepo mumafungu enguva refu, zvidimbu zvinodedera zvakaenzana nedivi rekufamba kwemafungu.
2. Nzira Yokuparadzira: Mafungu anotenderera anowanzo kuwanikwa mumidziyo inogona kutsigira kuchekwa, senge zvinhu zvakasimba uye pamusoro pemvura. Kusiyana neizvi, mafungu enguva refu anogona kupararira kuburikidza nezvinhu zvakasimba, mvura, uye magasi.
3. Kuumbwa kwemafungu: Mafungu anotenderera anosanganisira maburi nematafura, nepo mafungu enguva refu achisanganisira kudzvanywa uye kushoma.
Kuvapo Kwemafungu Maviri
Kazhinji, mhando mbiri idzi dzemafungu dzinoitika pamwe chete. Semuenzaniso, kudengenyeka kwenyika kunogadzira mafungu anochinjika (S-waves) nemafungu enguva refu (P-waves). Kuongororwa kwemhando mbiri idzi dzemafungu kunopa ruzivo rwakakosha nezvehunhu hwekudengenyeka kwenyika uye chimiro chemukati mePasi.
Kudyidzana uye Superposition
Mafungu ese ari maviri anochinjika uye anochinjika anogona kupindirana kuburikidza nepfungwa yekuisa panzvimbo imwe chete, apo mafungu maviri kana anopfuura anosangana kuti agadzire musanganiswa uri huwandu hwemafungu avo ega ega. Izvi zvakakosha mumashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana anoshanda, akadai semahedhifoni anodzima ruzha, anoshandisa kupindira kunoparadza kwemafungu eruzha kuderedza ruzha.
Mhedziso
Mafungu anotenderera uye akareba zvinhu zvakakosha zvemuviri zvine mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana, kubva pakurapa kusvika pakutaurirana uye mainjiniya. Kunzwisisa hunhu uye musiyano uripo pakati pemhando mbiri idzi dzemafungu kunovhura mikana yakawanda yekuvandudza tekinoroji uye tsvakiridzo yakawedzerwa. Kazhinji, mafungu aya haangoiti basa rakakosha muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva chete asiwo anobatsira mukufambira mberi kwesainzi netekinoroji.
