Zviitiko zvechisikigo zvinotsanangurwa neFizikiki
Fizikisi inowanzo fungidzirwa senyaya yakazara nemafomula nekuverenga, asi kutaura chokwadi, iri pedyo zvikuru nehupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Zvinenge zviitiko zvese zvechisikigo zvatinoona—kubva pakunaya kwemvura kusvika pakuumbwa kwemiraraungu kusvika pakuti sei denga richiratidzika sebhuruu—zvinogona kunzwisiswa kuburikidza nepfungwa dzepanyama. Nekudzidza fizikisi, hatingodzidzi chete dzidziso nemusoro asiwo tinovandudza nzira dzekufunga kuti titsanangure kuti nei zvisikwa zvichishanda nenzira yatinoona nayo. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura zviitiko zvechisikigo zvakakurumbira uye tsananguro dzazvo pfupi asi dzakajeka dzemuviri.
1. Sei denga riri rebhuruu?
Denga rinoita sebhuruu zvikuru nekuda kwechiitiko chinonzi Rayleigh scattering. Chiedza chezuva chinoumbwa nema wavelength akasiyana (mavara). Kana chiedza ichocho chikapinda mumhepo yepasi, chinosangana nemamorekuru emhepo akadai senitrogen neokisijeni. Mamorekuru madiki aya anoshanda zvakanyanya pakuparadzira chiedza che short-wavelength, sebhuruu ne violet, pane chiedza che long-wavelength, setsvuku.
Kunyangwe violet yakapararirawo zvakanyanya, ziso remunhu rinonyanya kunzwa bhuruu, uye rimwe mwenje weviolet unonyudzwawo mumhepo. Nokudaro, kubva kumativi akasiyana-siyana, tinowana chiedza chebhuruu chakapararira, zvichiita kuti denga riite sebhuruu. Pakubuda kwezuva kana kunyura kwezuva, chiedza chinopfuura nemumhepo yakakora, saka chiedza chebhuruu chakawanda chinopararira kunze kwenzvimbo yekuona, zvichisiya ruvara rwetsvuku-orenji.
2. Muraraungu: Ruvara Rwakawanda Mudenga
Muraraungu unoumbwa kana chiedza chezuva chikasangana nemadonhwe emvura mumhepo, semuenzaniso mushure mekunaya kwemvura. Chiitiko ichi chinosanganisira maitiro matatu makuru: refraction, internal reflection, uye dispersion.
Kana chiedza chikapinda mudonhwe remvura, chinodzorwa, chobva chaonekwa mukati medonhwe, uye pakupedzisira chinobuda zvakare kuburikidza ne refraction yechipiri. Nekuti ruvara rwega rwega rune refractive index yakasiyana zvishoma, chiedza chichena chinopatsanuka kuita mavara akasiyana. Mugumisiro wacho unobva wava ruvara rwakafanana: rutsvuku, orenji, yero, girini, bhuruu, indigo, uye violet. Nzvimbo yemuraraungu inoenderana nekona iri pakati peZuva, muoni, uye donhwe remvura. Ndosaka muraraungu uchiwanzoonekwa kana Zuva riri kumashure kwemuoni uye madonhwe emvura ari pamberi.
3. Mheni neKutinhira: Magetsi nemafungu eruzha
Mheni inobuda nemagetsi akawanda mumhepo. Mukati memakore edutu, zvidimbu zvechando, madonhwe emvura, uye mhepo zvinosangana, zvichikonzera kupatsanurwa kwechaji: zvimwe zvikamu zvinova zvakanaka, zvimwe zvakaipa. Kana musiyano wemagetsi wakanyanya kukura, mhepo, iyo inowanzova insulator, inogona "kuputsika" yova kondakita. Apa ndipo panoitika mheni yatinowanzoona.
Kutinhira inzwi rinobuda nemheni. Mheni inopenya inokurumidza kupisa mhepo yakapoteredza, zvichiita kuti ikure nekukurumidza uye ibudise mafungu ekudengenyeka. Mafungu aya ndiwo atinonzwa sekutinhira. Tinowanzoona mheni tisati tanzwa kutinhira nekuti chiedza chinofamba nekukurumidza kupfuura ruzha. Nekuyera nguva iri pakati pekupenya neruzha, tinogona kufungidzira daro redutu.
4. Mafungu uye Mafungu eGungwa
Mafungu ari pamusoro pegungwa anowanzo umbwa nemhepo inoendesa simba kumvura. Mhepo painenge yakasimba, inovhuvhuta kwenguva yakareba, uye nzvimbo inorova, mafungu acho anokurawo. Kubva pamaonero emuviri, mafungu muenzaniso wemafungu emuchina: simba rinopararira nepakati (mvura), nepo zvidimbu zvemvura zvichingofamba zvichikwira nekudzika kana kutenderera zvishoma, zvisingafambi kure sezvinowanzo fungidzirwa.
Mafungu paanosvika pamhenderekedzo, kudzika kwemvura kunoderera, zvichiita kuti pasi pemafungu "padhonzwa" nepasi pegungwa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mafungu anononoka, urefu hwemafungu awo hunoderera, uye musoro wawo unokwira kusvika wapera. Chiitiko ichi chinotsanangura kuti nei mafungu egungwa achiita zvakasiyana nemafungu egungwa.
5. Mafungu: Kukweva Kwemwedzi Nezuva Nesimba Rekudhonza
Mafungu emvura (Tides) inguva dzinoitika nguva nenguva dzinokanganiswa nekukweva kweMwedzi, zvichiteverwa neZuva. Mwedzi unokweva mvura iri kudivi reNyika yakatarisana neMwedzi, zvichikonzera "kuputika" kwemvura yegungwa. Zvinofadza kuti, kubhururuka kunoitikawo kune rimwe divi nekuda kwekusanganiswa kwegiravhiti uye mhedzisiro yehurongwa hweNyika neMwedzi. Nekuti Nyika inotenderera, dzimwe nzvimbo dzemahombekombe dzinosangana nemafungu emvura akakwira nguva nenguva uye mafungu akaderera.
Zuva rine basawo. Kana Mwedzi neZuva zvakarongeka (panguva yemwedzi mutsva kana wakazara), mafungu emvura anogona kunge akakwira uye mafungu emvura akaderera akaderera—anonzi mafungu emvura emuchirimo. Kana maviri acho akaita angle yemadhigirii makumi mapfumbamwe (chikamu chekutanga/chechitatu), mafungu emvura anosvika pakati nepakati anoitika.
6. Aurora: Keteni reChiedza muDenga rePolar
MaAurora mwenje wakanaka unowanzoonekwa munzvimbo dzine mativi ekumusoro, unozivikanwa seaurora borealis (kuchamhembe) uye aurora australis (kumaodzanyemba). Chiitiko ichi chinoitika kana zvidimbu zvine simba zvinobva kuZuva (mhepo yezuva) zvasvika kuNyika zvobatana nesimba remagineti rePasi . Simba remagineti rinotungamira zvidimbu kuenda kunzvimbo dzine mativi ekumusoro, uko mitsetse yesimba remagineti "inopinda" mumhepo.
Kana zvidimbu izvi zvikaroverana nemaatomu nemamorekuru ari mumhepo, zvinotamisa simba. Maatomu kana mamorekuru anofara anobva aburitsa simba iri muchimiro chechiedza. Ruvara rweaurora runoenderana nerudzi rwegasi uye kukwirira kwaro: okisijeni inogona kugadzira girini kana tsvuku, nepo nitrogen inowanzogadzira bhuruu kana tsvuku.
7. Sei Zvinhu Zvichiwira Pasi?
Zviitiko zviri nyore zvakaita seapuro rinodonha kubva pamuti zvinotsanangurwa nesimba regiravhiti. Sekureva kwaNewton, mass ese anokwezvana. Nyika, nekuda kwehukuru hwayo hukuru, inokwezva zvinhu zviri pedyo, zvichiita kuti zvifambe zvichienda pakati peNyika. Kumhanya kunokonzerwa negiravhiti pamusoro peNyika kunosvika paavhareji ye9,8 m/s², kunyangwe ichigona kusiyana zvishoma zvichienderana nenzvimbo.
Pamwero mukuru, simba rinokwevera pasi rinotsanangura kuti sei mapuraneti achitenderera Zuva, nei Mwedzi uchitenderera Nyika, uye nei magiraksi achiumbwa. Padanho remazuva ano, Einstein akatsanangura simba rinokwevera pasi sekukombama kwenzvimbo nenguva, asi mumamiriro ezvinhu mazhinji ezuva nezuva, maitiro aNewton akakwana.
8. Mvura Nemakore: Kuchinja Kwechikamu uye Thermodynamics
Makore anoumbwa kuburikidza nekuita kwemvura inodziya. Mvura iri pamusoro penyika inopwanyika, inokwira nemhepo inodziya, yozotonhorera pakakwirira. Mhepo inotonhorera haigone kuchengeta utsi hwemvura hwakawanda semhepo inodziya, saka inoungana kuita madonhwe madiki emvura kana makristaro echando. Madonhwe aya anounganidzwa ndiwo anoonekwa semakore.
Mvura inoitika kana madonhwe emvura mumakore akakura nekuda kwekuroverana uye kubatana, kana kuchinja kwechikamu kubva pachando kuenda kumvura, kusvika arema zvakakwana kuti adonhe uye akunde kuramba kwemhepo. Maitiro aya anokonzerwa nekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, tembiricha, kumanikidzwa, uye hunyoro—zvose zvinowira munzvimbo yefizikisi, kunyanya thermodynamics uye fluid mechanics.
Penutup
Zviitiko zvechisikigo zvinoita sezvinoshamisa zvinowanzotsanangurwa zvine musoro kuburikidza nefizikisi. Kupararira kwechiedza kunoita kuti denga rive rebhuruu, kusangana kwechiedza nemadonhwe emvura kunoita kuti muraraungu uvepo, magetsi ari mumakore anokonzera mheni, simba rinokwevera pasi rinoita kuti mafungu emvura awire uye rinoita kuti zvinhu zviwire pasi, nepo kusangana kwemhepo yezuva neminda yemagineti kuchigadzira auroras. Kunzwisisa fizikisi iri shure kweizvi zvese kunotibvumira kuona zvakasikwa kwete senzvimbo chete, asi se "rabhoritari" hombe inoshanda nguva dzose zvichienderana nemitemo yakati. Saka, fizikisi haisi dzidziso chete mukirasi, asi hwindo rekunzwisisa zvakadzama nyika.
