Mashandisirwo eFizikisi muKurima
Kurima kwemazuva ano hakuchavimbi neruzivo rwekare chete asi kunotsigirwawo nesainzi netekinoroji. Rimwe bazi resainzi rine basa rakakosha asi rinowanzo furatirwa ifizikisi. Fizikisi inobatsira varimi nevaongorori kunzwisisa kuti simba, kufamba, kupisa, chiedza, mvura, uye simba zvinoshanda sei mumunda wekurima. Nekunzwisisa uku, maitiro ekurima anogona kuitwa kuti ave anoshanda zvakanyanya, asingadhuri, asingakuvadzi nharaunda, uye abudise goho remhando yepamusoro. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana efizikisi mukurima, kubva pakudiridza nekushandisa michina kusvika pakushandisa masensa netekinoroji yekunyatsojeka.
1. Fizikisi yemvura muKudiridza neKudhonza Mvura
Mvura chinhu chakakosha mukurima. Fizikisi yemvura inotsanangura kuti mvura inoyerera sei, inopinda sei, uye inochengetwa sei muvhu. Nheyo dzakadai sekumanikidzwa, mwero wekuyerera kwemvura, kusimba kwemvura, uye kurasikirwa nesimba nekuda kwekukweshana kwemvura zvakakosha pakugadzira masisitimu ekudiridza.
Semuenzaniso, mukudiridza nemadonhwe emvura, mvura inoyerera nemumapaipi nemaemitter zvishoma asi zvakatsiga. Kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti mvura inopararira zvakaenzana, vagadziri vanofanirwa kuverenga kudonha kwesimba riri papombi uye kuona kuti emitter yega yega inopa huwandu hwemvura hwakafanana. Pfungwa yaBernoulli uye kurasikirwa kwemusoro wekukweshana zvinobatsira pakuona dhayamita yakakodzera yepombi, kureba kwemutsetse, uye zvinodiwa nepombi.
Kudhonza mvura kunodawo kunzwisisa fizikisi. Nyika yakazara nemvura inoderedza okisijeni muvhu uye inokuvadza midzi yemiti. Nekushandisa misimboti yekuyerera kwemvura inopinda nemumaburi evhu uye pamusoro penzvimbo dzakatenuka, masisitimu edhonza mvura anogona kuitwa kuti ashande zvakanaka pakubvisa mvura yakawandisa, kunyanya munguva yemvura.
2. Kufamba kwemvura muvhu (Capillarity) uye Kufamba kwemvura muvhu
Pamusoro pekuyerera kwemvura pamusoro pemvura nemapombi, fizikisi inotsanangurawo kufamba kwemvura muvhu kuburikidza ne capillarity. Capillarity kugona kwemvura kukwira kana kufamba munzvimbo dzakamanikana nekuda kwesimba rekunamatira uye kubatana. Ivhu rakapfava, senge ivhu, rine maburi madiki anobvumira mvura kuti irambe iripo kwenguva yakareba, nepo ivhu rejecha rine maburi makuru rinowanzo dhonza mvura nekukurumidza pasi.
Ruzivo urwu runobatsira pakuona kuwanda kwekudiridza, rudzi rwemufudze, uye kusarudzwa kwemiti. Semuenzaniso, muvhu rinooma nyore nyore, varimi vanogona kuisa mufudze wepurasitiki kana weorganic kuderedza kupwa kwemvura uye kuchengetedza hunyoro. Kuwanda kwemvura kwakabatanawo nekukwira kwemunyu pamusoro pevhu rine munyu, saka kutarisira mvura zvakanaka kunogona kudzivirira kukuvara kwevhu nekuda kwemunyu.
3. Kutamiswa kwekupisa uye Kudzora mamiriro ekunze madiki
Kupisa kunokanganisa zvikuru kukura kwezvirimwa: kubva pakumera uye photosynthesis kusvika pakutumbuka kwemaruva. Fizikisi yekupisa inoongorora kutamiswa kwekupisa kuburikidza nekufambisa, kutenderera, uye mwaranzi. Mukurima, pfungwa iyi inoshandiswa kumagreenhouse, mulching, shading, uye maomesa systems.
Mugreenhouse, simba rezuva rinopinda semwaranzi yeshortwave uye rinozobatwa semwaranzi ye infrared, zvichiwedzera tembiricha. Nekunzwisisa chiyero chesimba, varimi vanogona kugadzirisa mhepo inofefetera, kushandisa mafeni, maketeni emumvuri, kana maheater kuti vachengetedze tembiricha yakanaka. Mumamiriro ekunze anotonhora, nzira dzekudzivirira chando dzinoshandisawo fizikisi, dzakadai sema sprinkler anopfapfaidza mvura: mvura painooma, inoburitsa kupisa kwakavanzika, ichichengetedza tembiricha yemiti iri pedyo ne0°C uye ichideredza kukuvara.
Mulch yepurasitiki nhema kana yesirivha inoshandawo nekunwisa nekuratidza mwaranzi. Mulch nhema inonwisa kupisa uye inodziisa ivhu, ukuwo mulch yesirivha ichiratidza chiedza uye inogona kuderedza zvipembenene zvakasiyana uku ichideredza tembiricha pamusoro.
4. Chiedza, Optics, uye Photosynthesis
Chiedza ndicho "mafuta" ekugadzira photosynthesis. Optical physics inobatsira kunzwisisa kudyidzana kwechiedza nemashizha, mvura, uye mhepo. Kusimba, nguva yekuratidzwa (photoperiodism), uye light spectrum zvinopesvedzera zvakanyanya kukura. Mwenje ye LED yekurima, semuenzaniso, yakagadzirwa zvichibva pahurefu hwewavelengths hwakasiyana. Mwenje mutsvuku nebhuruu zvinowanzo gadziriswa nekuti zvinoita basa guru mukugadzira photosynthesis uye kukura kwechimiro chezvirimwa.
Mukurima mukati memba kana kurima kwekunze, kugadzirisa simba re LED uye spectrum kunobvumira kugadzirwa kwegore rose, zvisinei nemamiriro ekunze. Nekusarudza musanganiswa wakakodzera we spectrum, varimi vanogona kukanganisa ruvara rwemashizha, kunaka, uye kunyange huwandu hwezvinovaka muviri. Uyezve, kushandiswa kwe shade nets inzira iri nyore yekushandisa optics: mambure ane shade percentage chaiyo anoderedza simba rechiedza uye anoderedza tembiricha iri pasi.
5. Makanika neMichina yeKurima
Kushandiswa kwemichina mukurima ndiwo muenzaniso unoonekwa zvikuru wekushandiswa kwefizikisi. Matrakita, michina yekudyara, michina yekukohwa, uye pombi dzemvura zvakagadzirwa zvichibva pamisimboti yemakanika ekare : simba, torque, basa, simba, uye kushanda zvakanaka kwemuchina.
Semuenzaniso, matarakita anofanirwa kugadzira simba guru rekushandisa kuti arime ivhu. Fizikisi yekukakavadzana pakati pemavhiri nepasi ndiyo inosarudza kugona kwetarakita kufamba pasina kutsvedza. Kusarudzwa kwematayi, kumanikidzwa kwemhepo, uye kushandiswa kwemavhiri anoteverwa munzvimbo dzine matope inzira dzekuwedzera simba rekushandisa. Mumichina yekukohwa yakaita semichina yekukohwa, misimboti yesimba uye yekudedera inoshandiswa pakuparadzanisa mbeu nehuswa zvinobudirira pasina kukuvadza zvirimwa.
Pamusoro pezvo, pfungwa ye ergonomics, iyo ine chekuitawo ne biomechanics, inobatsira kugadzira maturusi ari nyore akadai semagejo, majeko, kana ma sprayer kuderedza kuneta uye njodzi yekukuvara kwevashandi.
6. Kuomesa Zvirimwa uye Fizikisi yeHumidity
Mushure mekukohwa idanho rakakosha. Kurasikirwa kwakawanda kunoitika nekuda kwehuwandu hwakawanda hwehunyoro mukukohwa, izvo zvinogona kukonzera chakuvhuvhu nekuora. Kuomesa zviyo, chibage, kofi, kana koko kunoenderana zvakanyanya nepfungwa dzekupisa uye kutamiswa kwehuwandu.
Mumichina yekuomesa, mhepo inopisa inotenderedzwa kuti mvura ibve pamusoro pechigadzirwa, uye hunyoro hunobva mukati hunoendeswa kunze kuburikidza nekupararira. Kumhanya kwekuomesa kunokonzerwa nekupisa, hunyoro, mwero wekuyerera, uye nzvimbo yepamusoro pechinhu chacho. Nekudzora kwakakodzera, kuomesa kunogona kukurumidza uku kuchichengetedza mhando—semuenzaniso, kudzivirira kutsemuka kwezviyo kana kuchengetedza kunhuhwirira kwekofi.
Fizikisi inobatsirawo mukuchengetedza: kunzwisisa dova uye kuumbwa kwemvura kunodzivirira kuumbwa kwemvura mumatura kana matura anogona kukanganisa zvigadzirwa.
7. Masensa, IoT, uye Kurima Kwakanyatsonaka
Kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji kuri kusimudzira fizikisi kusvika padanho repamusoro-soro kuburikidza nemasensa neInternet of Things (IoT). Masensa ehunyoro hwevhu anoshanda pahwaro hwe capacitance, kana kuti electrical resistance. Masensa ekupisa anoshandisa ma thermistors kana ma thermocouples. Masensa echiedza anoshandisa photoelectric effect . Kunyangwe ma drones ekurima anoshandisa makamera e multispectral kuongorora hutano hwemiti zvichibva pachiedza chinopenya pa wavelengths chaiyo , senge Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI).
Uchishandisa data re sensor, kudiridza kunogona kuitwa otomatiki: mvura inongoshandiswa chete kana hunyoro hwevhu hwaderera pasi pechikero chakati. Izvi zvinochengetedza mvura nesimba uku zvichiwedzera goho. Kurima nemazvo kunogonesawo kufefetedza zvichibva pakudiwa, sezvo mamepu evhu anogona kugadzirwa kubva pamifananidzo uye kuyerwa kwemunda, uye mashandisirwo efetereza anogona kusiyana zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu munzvimbo yega yega.
8. Simba Rinodzokororwa Panyika Yekurima
Fizikisi yesimba ine basa guru mukushandiswa kwesimba rinogona kushandiswazve. Mapaneru ezuva anoshandura chiedza kuita magetsi kuburikidza ne photovoltaic effect uye ikozvino anoshandiswa zvakanyanya kufambisa mapombi ekudiridza munzvimbo dziri kure. Biogas inobva mumarara ezvipfuyo nemasara ezvirimwa inoshandisa misimboti ye thermodynamic uye anaerobic fermentation kuti igadzire methane semafuta.
Pamusoro pekuderedza mari yekushandisa, simba rinodzokororwa rinobatsira kuderedza kusvibiswa kwemhepo uye rinoita kuti masisitimu ekurima ave akachengeteka.
Mhedziso
Mashandisirwo efizikisi mukurima akakura, kubva pakutarisira mvura nekudzora tembiricha kusvika pakushandiswa kwechiedza, kusvika pakugadzira michina uye kushandiswa kwemasensa akangwara. Nekushandisa misimboti yefizikisi, kurima kunogona kushanda zvakanaka, kubereka, uye kugadzirisa matambudziko akadai sekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye kushomeka kwezviwanikwa. Kunzwisisa fizikisi hakufanirwe kuve kwakaoma—chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti pfungwa dzekutanga dzinoshandurwa sei kuita sarudzo dzinoshanda pasi. Kushanda pamwe chete pakati pevarimi, mainjiniya, nevaongorori kuchawedzera kukurumidzisa kushandiswa kwetekinoroji dzakavakirwa pafizikisi kutsigira kuchengetedzeka kwechikafu uye kurima kunoenderera mberi mune ramangwana.
