Maitiro eMugumisiro wePhotoelectric
Mhedzisiro yemagetsi (photoelectric effect) chiitiko chiri mufizikisi chinosanganisira kubuda kwemaerekitironi kubva pamusoro pechinhu kana chiedza kana mwaranzi yemagetsi ichirova. Mhedzisiro iyi yakatanga kuonekwa nemusayendisiti wekuGermany Heinrich Hertz muna 1887 uye yakazotsanangurwa zvakadzama naAlbert Einstein muna 1905, izvo zvakazomuwanira mubairo weNobel muFizikisi muna 1921.
Tsananguro yedzidziso
Kushanda kwemagetsi ezuva nezuva kwakakosha pakukura kwedzidziso yequantum yechiedza. Tsananguro dzekare dzakatadza kupa tsananguro inogutsa yechiitiko ichi. Zvisinei, Einstein akataura kuti chiedza hachisi kungori mafungu chete asiwo chine zvidimbu zvidiki zvinonzi maphoton. Dzidziso yake yakavakirwa papfungwa yekuti simba rechiedza rinoenderana nefrequency yaro uye rinogona kuratidzwa se \(E = h \nu\), apo \(E\) iri simba, \(h\) iri nguva dzose yaPlanck, uye \(\nu\) iri frequency yechiedza.
Kana chiedza chikarova pamusoro pechinhu, maphotoni aya anogona kutamisirwa kumaerekitironi ari muchinhu chacho. Kana simba remaphotoni rakakura zvakakwana kudarika basa rebasa (\(\phi\)) rechinhu chacho, rinova simba shoma rinodiwa kubvisa erekitironi kubva pamusoro, ipapo erekitironi ichaburitswa. Iyi equation inotsanangurwa nehukama hwaEinstein hwemhedzisiro ye photoelectric:
\[
E = h \nu = \phi + KE
\]
apo \(KE\) ndiyo simba guru rekinetic remaerekitironi anoburitswa. Kana frequency yechiedza iri pasi pehuwandu hwakati, hapana maerekitironi achaburitswa, zvisinei nekuti simba rechiedza rakakwirira sei.
Hunhu hweMhedzisiro yePhotoelectric
Muganho weKawandei
Pane muganho mudiki pahuwandu hwechiedza, unonzi threshold frequency (\(\nu_0\)), pasi payo hapana maerekitironi anogona kuburitswa pasinei nekusimba kwechiedza. Izvi zvakasiyana zvikuru nedzidziso yemafungu ekare, iyo inofanotaura kuti simba rinotorwa neerekitironi rinofanira kutsamira pakusimba kwaro.
Kinetic Energy yemaerekitironi
Simba remagetsi rinobuda rinowedzera zvakanangana nekufamba kwenguva kwechiedza chichirova pamusoro, asi harina chekuita nekusimba kwechiedza. Mufomura \(KE = h \nu - \phi\), kuwedzera \(\nu\) kunowedzera \(KE\).
Kusimba kweChiedza uye Kubuda kweElectron
Kuwanda kwakakwana kwema photon kunoita kuti huwandu hwema electron anoburitswa nekuwedzera kwechiedza, asi simba re erekitironi rega rega harina kuchinja. Izvi zvinogona kutsanangurwa nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwema photon anorova pamusoro pechinhu nesimba guru.
Basa rebasa
Basa rekushanda \(\phi\) hunhu hwakasiyana hwechinhu chimwe nechimwe. Zvinhu zvine basa rekushanda rakaderera zvinoburitsa maerekitironi zviri nyore kupfuura zvinhu zvine basa rekushanda rakakwirira.
Maitiro Anoshanda
Mhedzisiro yemagetsi ine mabasa akawanda anobatsira anosanganisira:
Sero remifananidzo kana kuti Photodetector
Masensa echiedza, kana kuti ma photon cells, anoshandisa photoelectric effect kushandura chiedza kuita chiratidzo chemagetsi. Anoshandiswa mumidziyo yakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira mafoni, makamera, uye maTV remote controls.
Tekinoroji yezuva
Mapaneru ezuva kana masero ezuva anovimba nepfungwa yemhedzisiro ye photoelectric kushandura simba rechiedza kubva kuzuva kuita simba remagetsi.
Maikorosikopu yeElectron
Maikorosikopu emaerekitironi anoshandisa kuona maerekitironi anoburitswa nemhedzisiro yemagetsi kuti abudise mifananidzo yepamusoro-soro yezvinhu.
Kupararira kweX-ray
Mukutsvaga zvinhu, mhedzisiro yemagetsi inoshandiswa kuongorora kuumbwa kwezvinhu kuburikidza nemifananidzo yeX-ray yakapararira.
Kusimbiswa kweKuedza
Kuedza kwakawanda kwakasimbisa simba remagetsi uye kwakatsigira dzidziso yaEinstein. Imwe yedzakakurumbira ndeyekuyedza kwaMillikan kwakaitwa naRobert Millikan. Mukuyedza uku, akabudirira kuwana kukosha kwekuyedza kwechimiro chaPlanck (\(h\)) icho chaibvumirana nepfungwa, zvichiratidza kuti kufanotaura kwaEinstein nezvesimba remagetsi remaerekitironi kwaive kwakarurama.
Mhedziso
Maitiro emhedzisiro ye photoelectric akapa ruzivo rwakakosha mukunzwisisa kwedu hunhu hwechiedza uye kudyidzana kwacho nezvinhu. Kuwanikwa uku, kwakavakirwa papfungwa ye photon se quantum yesimba, kwakagonesa nyanzvi dzefizikisi kugadzira dzidziso yakazara ye quantum. Mhedzisiro iyi yakavhurawo nzira yekuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji muzvikamu zvakawanda, zvakaita se sensors, kutaurirana, uye simba rinogona kuvandudzwa.
Kazhinji, simba remagetsi rinobuda muchiedza harisi chinhu chakakosha chete asiwo rinomiririra mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana anokanganisa hupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Chiitiko ichi chinoramba chiri nzvimbo yekutsvagisa, nekuwanikwa kuri kuramba kuchienderera mberi kuchidzamisa kunzwisisa kwedu kwenyika iyi inoshamisa uye inonakidza ye quantum.
