Chemistry inyaya yekudzidza nezvehunhu, kuumbwa, uye shanduko yezvinhu. Sezvo sainzi ichifambira mberi, masayendisiti akagadzira mitemo yakati wandei inosimbisa dzidziso dzese dzemakemikari uye mashandisirwo adzo. Mitemo iyi haingokoshi chete pakunzwisisa kemikari asi inobatsirawo zvikuru mukushandiswa kwakasiyana-siyana mu tekinoroji, mishonga, uye nharaunda. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura mitemo mina mikuru yekemikari: Mutemo weKuchengetedza Mass, Mutemo weDefinite Proportions, Mutemo weMultiple Proportions, uye Mutemo waGay-Lussac.
Mutemo weKuchengetedza Misa
Mutemo weKuchengetedza Misa, unozivikanwawo seMutemo waLavoisier, wakatumidzwa zita raAntoine Lavoisier, nyanzvi yemakemikari yekuFrance akaugadzira muzana remakore rechi18. Mutemo uyu unoti huwandu hwezvinhu zvinobatanidzwa mukuita kwemakemikari hauchinji; huwandu hwezvinhu zvisati zvaitika uye zvapera zvakafanana.
Nheyo yeMutemo weKuchengetedza Misa
Musimboti mukuru wemutemo uyu ndewekuti huremu hahugone kugadzirwa kana kuparadzwa mukuita kwemakemikari. Mukuita kwega kwega kwemakemikari, huremu hwese hwezvinhu zvinogadziriswa hunoenderana nehuremu hwese hwezvigadzirwa.
Mienzaniso yeKushandisa
Muenzaniso wakapfava weMutemo weKuchengetedza Huni Kupisa huni. Kana huni dzichitsva, dzinosangana neokisijeni mumhepo kuti dzigadzire dota, gasi recarbon dioxide, uye utsi hwemvura. Kana tikayera hutsi hwehuni neokisijeni tisati tatsva uye hutsi hwedota, kabhoni dioxide, uye utsi hwemvura mushure mekutsva, huwandu hwese hucharamba hwakafanana.
\[ \text{Huremu hwe reactants} = \text{Huremu hwezvigadzirwa} \]
Mumwe muenzaniso ndeye electrolysis yemvura, apo mvura (H₂O) inosanganiswa kuita hydrogen gas (H₂) uye oxygen gas (O₂). Huremu hwemvura inosanganiswa huchaenzana nehuremu hwese hwehydrogen neoxygen gas inogadzirwa.
Mutemo weZvikamu Zvisingaperi
Mutemo weDefinite Proportions, unozivikanwawo seMutemo waProust, wakatumidzwa zita raJoseph Proust, nyanzvi yemakemikari yekuFrance akaugadzira mukupera kwezana remakore rechi18. Mutemo uyu unoti kemikari inoumbwa nguva dzose kubva kuzvinhu zvakafanana muhuwandu hwakatarwa uye hwakatarwa nehuremu.
Nheyo yeMutemo weZvikamu Zvisingaperi
Mutemo uyu unoti kuumbwa kwemakemikari hakuchinji uye hakutsamiri pakuti chinhu chacho chakagadzirwa sei kana kuti chinobva kupi. Semuenzaniso, mvura inogara iine maatomu maviri ehydrogen neatomu rimwe chete reoxygen, zvichipa huwandu hwehydrogen neoxygen hweinenge 1:8.
Mienzaniso yeKushandisa
Muenzaniso wekushandiswa kweMutemo weZvikamu Zvisingaperi imvura (H₂O). Mvura inotorwa kubva munzizi, mugungwa, kana yakagadzirwa murabhoritari inogara iine chiyero chakafanana chehydrogen neokisijeni. Kana tikaora mvura, tichagara tichiwana hydrogen neokisijeni muchiyero chakagadzika, chingangoita 1 gramu yehydrogen pa 8 gramu yega yega yeokisijeni.
Mutemo weZvikamu Zvakawanda
Mutemo weMultiple Proportions, wakawanikwa naJohn Dalton pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi19, unoti kana zvinhu zviviri zvichigona kuumba compound inopfuura imwe chete, huwandu hwechinhu chimwe chete pamwe chete nehuremu hwakapihwa hwechimwe chinhu huchava muhuwandu hwenhamba dzese dziri nyore.
Nheyo yeMutemo weZvikamu Zvakawanda
Mutemo uyu unoratidza kuti zvinhu zvinogona kusanganiswa muzvikamu zvakasiyana kuti zvigadzire makemikari akasiyana, asi zviyero zvehukuru zvinogara zviri nhamba dzakapfava. Izvi zvinotsigira dzidziso yeatomu yekuti maatomu ndiwo mayuniti madiki asingapatsanuriki mukuita kwemakemikari.
Mienzaniso yeKushandisa
Muenzaniso wekushandiswa kweMutemo weZvikamu Zvakasiyana-siyana unogona kuonekwa mumakemikari anoumbwa kubva kucarbon neokisijeni. Kabhoni inogona kusangana neokisijeni kuti igadzire makemikari maviri akasiyana: kabhoni monoxide (CO) uye kabhoni dhayokisaidhi (CO₂). Kana tikayera huremu hweokisijeni hunosanganiswa nehuremu hwakafanana hwekabhoni mumakemikari ese ari maviri, tichaona kuti chiyero chehuremu hweokisijeni mucarbon monoxide nekabhoni dhayokisaidhi i1:2.
\[ \text{CO:} \frac{1 \text{ grams C}}{1,33 \text{ grams O}} \]
\[ \text{CO}_2\text{:} \frac{1 \text{ grams C}}{2,66 \text{ grams O}} \]
\[ \frac{2,66}{1,33} = 2 \]
Mutemo weGay-Lussac
Mutemo waGay-Lussac, wakatumidzwa zita raJoseph Louis Gay-Lussac, unoti kumanikidzwa kwegasi kunoenderana zvakananga nekupisa kwaro kana huwandu hwegasi hukaramba hwakafanana. Mutemo uyu wakakosha pakunzwisisa maitiro emagasi uye ndeimwe yenheyo dzedzidziso yekinetic yemagasi.
Mutemo weGay-Lussac
Mutemo uyu unoti kana huwandu hwegasi hukaramba hwakafanana, kuwedzera kwekupisa kunokonzera kuwedzera kwesimba regasi, uye zvinopesana. Mutemo uyu unogona kuumbwa seizvi:
\[ \frac{P_1}{T_1} = \frac{P_2}{T_2} \]
apo P iri kumanikidzwa, T iri tembiricha muKelvin, uye indices 1 ne2 dzinomiririra mamiriro ekutanga neekupedzisira.
Mienzaniso yeKushandisa
Muenzaniso weMutemo waGay-Lussac isimbi yegesi yakavharwa. Kana silinda ikapiswa, tembiricha yegesi iri mukati inozowedzera, uye nekuda kweizvozvo, kumanikidzwa kwegesi kuchawedzerawo. Iyi ndiyo nheyo inoshandiswa mukushanda kwemidziyo yakawanda yakaita semagaba eaerosol nemainjini ekupisa mukati.
Mhedziso
Mitemo mina mikuru yekemistri—Mutemo weKuchengetedza Misa, Mutemo weZvikamu Zvisingaperi, Mutemo weZvikamu Zvizhinji, uye Mutemo waGay-Lussac—inopa hwaro hwekunzwisisa maitiro emakemikari uye maitiro ezvinhu mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana. Mitemo iyi haingori chete dzidziso nemaitiro ekemistri asiwo ine mashandisirwo akakura musainzi netekinoroji. Nekunzwisisa nekushandisa mitemo iyi, tinogona kufanotaura zviri nani mhedzisiro yemaitiro emakemikari, kugadzira maitiro emakemikari anoshanda zvakanaka, uye kugadzira matekinoroji matsva, ane hushamwari kune zvakatipoteredza uye anogara kwenguva refu. Ruzivo urwu ndirwo rwakakosha kune wese wekemistri uye musayendisiti anoshanda muminda ine hukama.
