Dzidziso yePostmodernism muAnthropology yetsika
Postmodernism chikoro chepfungwa chakave nepesvedzero huru patsika dzevanhu kubvira pakupera kwezana remakore rechi20. Haisi kungova "dzidziso imwe chete," asi muunganidzwa weongororo uye nzira dzinopikisa nzira dzekare dzekunzwisisa tsika, ruzivo, uye maitiro ekumiririra. Muanthropology, postmodernism yakabuda semhinduro yekudzora maonero emazuva ano—ayo aitenda mukusarura, kufambira mberi kwakatwasuka, uye kugona kwemasayendisiti kuratidza chokwadi chemagariro evanhu zvisina kwazvakarerekera. Kuburikidza nepostmodernism, anthropology yakakurudzirwa kuti inyatsofungisisa: ichiziva nezvemiganhu yevaongorori, hukama hwesimba mukugadzira ruzivo, uye manzwi akasiyana-siyana akanga asiyiwa.
Nhoroondo yeKubuda kwePostmodernism
Postmodernism yakatanga kubva mupfungwa dzakakura muzvidzidzo zvesainzi yemagariro evanhu, uzivi, uye tsika. Vafungi vakaita saMichel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, Jean-François Lyotard, naJean Baudrillard vanowanzobatanidzwa nehurukuro dze postmodern. Vakatsoropodza pfungwa ye "chokwadi chepasi rose" uye vakakurudzira kutarisisa kuti ruzivo runoumbwa sei nemutauro, hurukuro, masangano, uye simba. Mukudzidza nezvevanhu, kuongorora postmodern kwakawana simba muma1970 nema1980, apo tsika dzekare dzetsika dzaionekwa sedzakanyanya kuzvivimba mukutaura kuti "dzinotsanangura nzanga" sekunge tsika dzinogona kubatwa nenzira yakakwana uye yakagadzikana.
Munguva dzehukoloni nedzepashure pehukoloni, dzidziso yevanhu yakatsoropodzwawo nekuda kwekuti "sainzi yeMumwe," dzimwe nguva yakabatana nezvido zvesimba. Postmodernism inopikisa pfungwa iyi: ndiani ane kodzero yekutaura nezvaani? Ngano dzenyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinoumba sei mufananidzo wemapoka akati? Mibvunzo iyi inobvisa dzidziso yevanhu kubva pakutenda mu "tsananguro yechinangwa" kuenda pakuziva kuti ethnography inzira yekunyora yakazara nesarudzo, dudziro, uye zvematongerwo enyika ekumiririra.
Pfungwa Huru dzeMazano ePostmodern muAnthropology
1. Kutsoropodzwa kwemetanarratives uye universalism
Chimwe chezviratidzo zve postmodernism kusava nechokwadi kwayo nezve metanarratives—nyaya huru dzekufambira mberi, kunzwisisa, kana budiriro yemagariro evanhu dzinoonekwa sedzinoshanda pasi rose. Mu anthropology, metanarratives dzinowanzoonekwa mudzidziso dzekushanduka-shanduka kana muzvikamu zvikuru zvinoronga nzanga kubva pa "tsika" kusvika pa "mazuva ano." Postmodernism inoramba tsika iyi uye inosimbisa kuti tsika dzakawanda, dzakazara nekupesana, uye hadzigone kugara dzichirerutswa kuita chirongwa chimwe chete chebudiriro.
2. Kurambwa kwezvinotaurwa zvekuti hazvina divi razvino
Postmodernism hairevi kuramba tsvakurudzo yesainzi, asi inoramba kutaura kwekuti vaongorori vanogona kusava nedivi ravanotsigira zvachose. Mukuongorora madzinza evanhu, kusarudzwa kwemusoro wenyaya, nzira yekubvunza mibvunzo, hukama nevazivisi, uye kunyange maitiro ekunyora zvinokanganisa "mhedzisiro" yekutsvagisa. Nokudaro, kudzokorodza pfungwa kwakakosha: vanyori vezvevanhu vanoratidza chinzvimbo chavo (nzvimbo yavo yemagariro, tsika, zvido zvedzidzo) uye kuti chinzvimbo ichocho chinopesvedzera sei data nedudziro.
3. Kutarisa mutauro, zvinyorwa, uye kumiririrwa
Postmodernism inokurudzira kuverengwa kwe ethnography sechinyorwa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mabasa e ethnography haangonzwisiswi semishumo yechokwadi chete, asi senyaya dzine chimiro, mutauro, uye nzira dzekukurudzira. Vaongorori vemazuva ano vanobvunza kuti: "Vanhu" mu ethnography vanogadzirwa sei? Ndiani anopiwa izwi, ndiani anonyaradzwa? Kusarudzwa kwemashoko kunoumba sei mafungiro eboka riri kudzidzwa? Maitiro aya anovhura nzvimbo yekutsoropodza mafungiro evamwe, exoticization, uye nyore.
4. Kuona zvinhu zvakawanda uye kushandisa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana
Pane kutaura izwi rimwe chete, rinotonga vanhu, postmodernism inotsigira mitauro yakasiyana-siyana: kuratidza manzwi akawanda, kusanganisira mashoko marefu kubva kune vanopa ruzivo, hurukuro, kana nyaya dzinoratidza kusiyana kwemafungiro munharaunda. Tsika haionekwi senzira yakafanana, asi senzvimbo yekutaurirana pamusoro pezvinoreva, kusawirirana, uye kusiyana kwekirasi, murume kana mukadzi, zera, chitendero, kana rudzi.
5. Simba nekugadzira ruzivo
Yakafuridzirwa naFoucault, postmodernism inosimbisa kubatana kweruzivo nesimba. Anthropology haina kwayakarerekera kubva muhukama hwemasimba: masangano edzidzo, mari yekutsvagisa, mitemo yenyika, uye maumbirwo epasi rose zvinogona kukanganisa dingindira rekutsvagisa uye nzira inotorwa mhedziso. Nokudaro, nzira dze postmodern dzinowanzo sangana nekuongorora kwe postcolonial, feminism, uye zvidzidzo zve subaltern, izvo zvinotsvaga kuratidza mapoka akasiyiwa pasi nenhoroondo dzine simba.
"Dambudziko reVamiriri" uye Kuchinja kweMaitiro eThnographic
Mukudzidza nezvevanhu, postmodernism inowanzobatanidzwa nedambudziko rinonzi representation. Dambudziko iri rinoratidza kuti ethnography haisi "girazi" rinoratidza chokwadi sezvariri, asi kuti inyaya yekuvaka. Mabasa akakurukurwa zvakanyanya muhurukuro iyi anosanganisira anthology inonzi "Writing Culture" (1986), iyo inoratidza mativi ekutaura uye ezvematongerwo enyika ekunyora kwe ethnography.
Nekuda kweizvozvo, shanduko dzakawanda mukuita kwekutsvagisa dzave pachena: chekutanga, nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dziri kunyora pachena nezvemaitiro emumunda—kuvhiringidzika, kusawirirana, kukundikana, uye matambudziko etsika. Chechipiri, pane kuyedza maitiro ekunyora: kushandiswa kwenyaya dzemunhu wekutanga, kutaurirana nyaya pamwe chete, kana kusanganisa marudzi enyaya (semuenzaniso, rondedzero, nhoroondo dzenhoroondo, uye ongororo yezvedzidzo). Chechitatu, pane kusundira kune kutsvagisa pamwe chete, uko nharaunda dziri kudzidzwa dzinobatanidzwa mukugadzira mibvunzo, kuidudzira, uye kunyange kunyora mhinduro.
Mipiro yePostmodernism kuCultural Anthropology
Postmodernism inobatsira zvikuru nekukanganisa nzvimbo yekunyaradzwa kwedzidzo. Inoyeuchidza anthropology kuti isawire mumusungo wekutaura chokwadi chimwe chete kana mufananidzo wakasimba wetsika. Nekusimbisa kuwanda uye mamiriro ezvinhu, postmodernism inobatsira anthropology kuti ive nehanya nekuchinja kwemagariro evanhu nekukurumidza, hunhu hwakasanganiswa, diaspora, globalization, uye midhiya. Munyika iri kuramba ichibatana, tsika hadzigone kugara dzichitaridzwa setsika dzakagadzikana dzemuno; panzvimbo pezvo, inowanzoumbwa nekusangana, kutaurirana, uye kunyange kusawirirana pakati pehurukuro.
Uyezve, postmodernism inokurudzira tsika yekutsvagisa ine simba rakawanda. Nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinoyeuchidzwa kuzvibvunza kuti: tsvagiridzo iyi inobatsira here vari kutsvagurudzwa? Chii chinozoitika kana dzimwe nyaya dzikaburitswa? Saka nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinokurudzirwa kuva nehanya zvakanyanya, munzira uye mutsika.
Kutsoropodzwa kwePostmodernism
Pasinei nepesvedzero yayo, postmodernism yakakwezvawo kushoropodzwa. Imwe kushoropodzwa kukuru ndeyekunyanya kwayo kuenderana kwemaonero evanhu: kana chokwadi chose chikaonekwa sechivakwa, zvichiri kukwanisa here kusiyanisa pakati pekuongorora kwakasimba nekusava nesimba? Vamwe vatsoropodzi vanoti postmodernism inotarisa zvakanyanya pamagwaro nemutauro, ichiregeredza zvinhu zvakaita seurombo, mhirizhonga, basa, kana kusaenzana kwehupfumi. Panewo kunetseka kuti kunyanyisa kudzokorodza kunoita kuti ethnography ive "nezvemuongorori" kwete nezvenharaunda iri kudzidzwa.
Muchokwadi, vazhinji vanoongorora nezvevanhu vakatora danho repakati: kugamuchira zvidzidzo zvemazuva ano nezve reflexivity uye simba rekumiririra, asi vachiri kuedza ongororo yakasimba yekuongorora kwakavakirwa pamatambudziko chaiwo emagariro evanhu.
Penutup
Dzidziso yePostmodernist mutsika dzevanhu isangano rakakosha rakachinja maonero anoita vanoongorora tsika nemagariro evanhu uye vanonyora madzinza evanhu. Rinoramba kuumbwa kwevanhu vose nenzira iri nyore, rinopikisa zvinotaurwa kuti hazvina divi rakaenzana, uye rinoda kutariswa kwemutauro, kumiririrwa, uye hukama hwesimba mukugadzira ruzivo. Postmodernism inokurudzirawo kuti pave netsika dzinofungisisa uye dzakasiyana-siyana, zvichiita kuti pave nenzwi rakasiyana-siyana munharaunda.
Kunyange zvazvo zvisiri pasina kushoropodzwa kwayo—kunyanya maererano nepfungwa yekuti zvinhu zvinochinja zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu uye tsika yekunyanya kutaura zvinhu zviri mumagwaro—dzidziso yekuti zvinhu zvinochinja kubva mumazuva ano kusvika mumazuva ano yakasiya nhaka inokosha: dzidziso yekuti vanhu vanozviziva, vane tsika dzakanaka, uye vane hanya nematambudziko etsika dzenyika. Mumamiriro ezvinhu enzanga yemazuva ano iri kufamba zvizere, nzira yekuti zvinhu zvichinja kubva mumazuva ano inobatsira kuti dzidzo yevanhu irambe ichibvunza kuti tinonzwisisa sei "zvimwe" uye, panguva imwe chete, tizvinzwisise sechikamu chenzira iyoyo yeruzivo.
