Kutsoropodzwa kwePostcolonial muAnthropological Studies
Pengantar
Anthropology, sedzidzo yesainzi yemagariro evanhu inodzidza vanhu netsika dzavo, haigone kuparadzaniswa nenhoroondo yehukoloni. Sedzidzo yedzidzo, anthropology yakabuda uye yakakura munguva yehukoloni, apo nyika dzeEurope dzakatora matunhu akasiyana-siyana epasi rose. Mamiriro aya akaita kuti pave nemigumisiro yakaoma uye inowanzova nematambudziko. Kuongorora mushure mehukoloni muzvidzidzo zvevanhu kunotsvaga kuburitsa pachena nekuongorora kuti nhaka yehukoloni inoramba ichichinja sei nzira, dzidziso, uye zvinangwa zvezvidzidzo zvevanhu kusvika nhasi.
Mavambo uye Mamiriro Ehukoloni
Kuti unzwisise kutsoropodzwa kwemashure mehukoloni muzvidzidzo zvevanhu, zvakakosha kunzwisisa mamiriro enhoroondo yehukoloni pachahwo. Hukoloni mutemo kana tsika inosanganisira kutonga rumwe rudzi neimwe, kazhinji nechinangwa chekushandisa hupfumi nekutonga zvematongerwo enyika. Muzana remakore rechi18 nerechi19, nyanzvi dzehukoloni dzaiwanzoshanda mukati mehurongwa hwehukoloni, kungave zvakananga kana zvisina kunanga, izvo zvaiwanzotsigira chimiro chesimba rehukoloni.
Pane zvinhu zviviri zvikuru zvakakonzerwa neizvi: Chekutanga, maitiro ekuunganidza data nekuvaka dzidziso aiwanzoitwa pasi pepfungwa yekuti tsika dzeEurope dzaive dzakakwirira. Chechipiri, dzidzo yevanhu panguva iyoyo yaiwanzoitwa nezvinangwa zvaibatsira kutonga kwevakoloni, zvakaita sekugadzira mapurani emapoka emadzinza netsika dzemuno.
Kutsoropodzwa kwePostcolonial: Kuparadzwa kwekuvaka uye Dambudziko reKutonga
Maitiro epashure pehukoloni anotarisa pakuparadza nyaya dzaive dzichionekwa sedzine simba uye dzechokwadi kwenguva refu. Munyaya yeanthropology, ongororo iyi inotsvaga kuongorora kuti sainzi iyi yakavakirwa sei pane zvimwe zvinhu zvinobatsira zvido zvehukoloni.
1. Kusaziva Zvinhu Zvisiri Zvekare uye Maonero Akafanana
Chimwe chezvinonyanya kutsoropodzwa chine chekuita netsika yeanthropology yekusimbisa tsika dzemamwe marudzi sedzisiri dzechivanhu uye dzakasiyana zvachose netsika dzekumadokero. Maitiro aya anosanganisira kutevedzera tsika, kuderedza kuoma kwetsika kuita chimwe chinhu chinogayiwa nyore nyore nevateereri vekuMadokero. Basa renyanzvi dzeanthropology vakaita saEdward Said mubasa rake rinonzi "Orientalism" rinoratidza kuti kumiririrwa kwetsika dzekuMadokero dzeMadokero kunowanzozara nemafungiro nerusaruro.
2. Chinzvimbo cheMusoro uye Kusasarura Sainzi
Kuongororwa kwemashure mehukoloni kunopikisawo zvinotaurwa nezvekusasarura mukutsvagurudza kwevanhu. Chinzvimbo chenyanzvi yezvevanhu se'mucherechedzi asina kwaakarerekera' chinowanzo bvunzwa nekuti vanhu vanodzidzwa vanhu vane masimba akaomarara. Panyaya iyi, nyanzvi yezvevanhu yekuNorth America Vine Deloria Jr. yakatsoropodza dzidziso yezvevanhu sechishandiso chekuenderera mberi nekutonga kwetsika nezvematongerwo enyika kwehukoloni nekuvanza simba riri shure kwechimiro chedzidzo 'chechinangwa'.
3. Izwi reSangano neSubaltern
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kushungurudza vedzidziso dzepashure pekoloni vakaita saGayatri Chakravorty Spivak kukosha kwekupa izwi kumapoka akasarudzwa kana "asingachinji". Muzvidzidzo zvevanhu, izvi zvinoreva kupa mukana kune maonero nemaonero evaya vari kudzidzwa, avo manzwi avo anowanzo furatirwa kana kudziviswa nenhoroondo dzinotonga. Spivak anobvunza mubvunzo unorwadza zvikuru, "Vasingachinji Vanogona Kutaura Here?"—achiratidza kuti zvakaoma sei kuti manzwi anobva kumiganhu anzwikwe zvechokwadi munharo dzepfungwa dzinotongwa nemaonero ekuMadokero.
Maitiro Matsva: Anthropology Yakakomba
Mukupindura kune idzi ongororo dzepashure pehukoloni, nzira itsva dzakasiyana-siyana dzakabuda muanthropology dzinotsvaga kuve dzakanyanya kutsoropodza uye dzinoratidza mafungiro. Dzimwe dzadzo dzinosanganisira:
1. Anthropology yeReflexive
Nzira yekufungidzira inoda kuti vanoongorora nezvevanhu vazive uye vatsoropodze chinzvimbo chavo mukutsvaga. Izvi zvinosanganisira kufunga kuti hunhu hwavo, mamiriro avo ezvinhu, uye rusaruro zvinopesvedzera sei maitiro ekutsvaga uye kududzirwa kwemhedzisiro.
2. Kutora Chikamu Chekuita Nekutsvaga Nharaunda
Kubatanidza nharaunda yevatsvagurudzi muchikamu chimwe nechimwe chekutsvaga inzira yekuderedza kusawirirana kwemasimba. Maitiro aya anoona kuti nharaunda ine ruzivo rwemunharaunda rwakakosha uye rwakakodzera mukuita kwekutsvaga.
3. Kunyora kweEthnographic neManzwi Akawanda
Mukunyora kwetsika dzevanhu, vamwe vanoongorora tsika dzevanhu vari kutanga kushandisa nyaya dzakasiyana-siyana kuratidza kuoma kwetsika nemaonero akasiyana-siyana aripo. Izvi zvinovavarira kuratidza manzwi echokwadi anobva munharaunda dziri kudzidzwa.
Chidzidzo cheNyaya uye Kuitwa Kwayo
Kune mienzaniso yakati wandei inoratidza kushandiswa kwekuongorora kwemashure mekoloni muzvidzidzo zvemazuva ano zvevanhu. Muenzaniso mumwe chete kudzidza kwekusateerera tsika mumamiriro ekudzvinyirirwa kwekoloni nemashure mekoloni. Chidzidzo chetsika dzeAfro-Caribbean, semuenzaniso, chinoratidza kuti tsika dzinoonekwa se "dzisina kusimba" dzinogona sei kuva manyuko esimba uye kuzivikanwa mukutarisana nehutongi hwekoloni.
Nyanzvi dzezvevanhu vekuIndia, dzakadai saArjun Appadurai, dzakaitawo basa rakakosha vachitsanangura kuti kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose kunokanganisa sei hunhu hwetsika nenharaunda dzemuno . Kusimbisa kwake "nzvimbo yekuyerera" kunoratidza kuti tsika hadzina kugadzika uye dzakagadzikana, asi dzinoshanduka uye dziri kuramba dzichichinja chimiro.
Mhedziso
Kuongorora kwemashure mekoloni muzvidzidzo zvevanhu hakusi kungoedza kunzwisisa nekuongorora nhaka yekoloni, asiwo chirongwa chetsika chekugadzira nzira dzakasiyana-siyana uye dzakaenzana dzekugadzira nzira nedzidziso. Nekupikisa nyaya dzine simba uye kuvhura nzvimbo yevasina kusarudzwa, kuongorora vanhu kune mukana wekuva akakodzera uye anobatsira mukunzwisisa matambudziko ari kuchinja evanhu nemagariro edu.
Tichitarisana nematambudziko epasi rose emazuva ano akadai sekutama kwevanhu, shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, uye kusawirirana kwetsika, zvakakosha kuti dzidzo yevanhu igare ichichinja uye ichidzidza kubva mukutsoropodzwa kwemashure mehukoloni. Dzidzo yevanhu inogona kutarisira kuva chishandiso chine hunhu uye chinoshanda mukunzwisisa nyika yedu yakaoma uye yakasiyana-siyana chete nekutarisa matambudziko ekare.
