Dzidziso yeUkama uye Masisitimu eMhuri muAnthropology
Pendauluan
Anthropology inyanzvi inodzidza zvinhu zvine chekuita nevanhu, kusanganisira tsika, mutauro, zvekuchera matongo, uye zvipenyu. Chikamu chimwe chakakosha mukati meanthropology kudzidza nezvehukama hwemhuri. Ukama hunosanganisira kwete hukama hwezvehupenyu chete asiwo hukama hwakaoma hwemagariro hunoumbwa munharaunda. Muchinyorwa chino, tichaongorora dzidziso dzehukama hwemhuri, kuti dzakatanga sei, uye kuti dzinoita sei basa mukuumba tsika nenharaunda.
Kunzwisisa Ukama Nemhuri
Ukama hunoreva hukama huripo pakati pevanhu vanozivikanwa neropa, kuroorana, kana kutorwa. Ukama uhwu hunowanzo takura kodzero, mitoro, uye manzwiro. Sisitimu yeukama chimiro nemitemo inotsanangura hukama hweukama munharaunda yakapihwa. Maitiro aya anosiyana kubva patsika netsika, zvichiratidza kusiyana kukuru mukuti vanhu vanoronga uye vanonzwisisa sei hukama hwavo.
Dzidziso yekare yehukama
Dzimwe dzidziso dzekare dzinoumba hwaro hwekudzidza nezvehukama dzinosanganisira dzidziso yekushanda, dzidziso yechimiro, uye dzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka.
1. Dzidziso yeFunctionalist: Mumwe wevakatanga nzira iyi aive Bronislaw Malinowski. Dzidziso yeFunctionalist inosimbisa kuti chinhu chega chega chetsika, kusanganisira hurongwa hwehukama, chine basa rakananga munharaunda. Semuenzaniso, mhuri yenyukireya inoita mabasa ekutanga akadai sekubereka, kutarisira vana, uye kugadzikana kwepfungwa.
2. Dzidziso yeStructuralist: Claude Lévi-Strauss munhu akakosha mudzidziso yestructuralist. Akataura kuti hukama hwemhuri rudzi rwechimiro chemagariro evanhu chinotsigira mafungiro nekudyidzana kwevanhu. Mukuona kwake, hukama hwemhuri hunoonekwa sechikamu chehurongwa hwekufananidzira hunoratidza maitiro ekutanga ekufunga kwevanhu.
3. Dzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka: Dzidziso iyi inotarisa pakukura kwemaitiro ehukama nekufamba kwenguva. Lewis H. Morgan, nyanzvi yezvevanhu yekuAmerica, aive munhu akakosha mudzidziso iyi. Morgan akapatsanura nzanga muzvikamu zvitatu: hutsinye, hutsinye, uye budiriro. Aitenda kuti maitiro ehukama aishanduka sezvo matanho aya aifambira mberi.
Maumbirwo uye Mhando dzeMasisitimu eUkama
Maitiro ehukama akarongwa zvichienderana nekuti nzanga inoronga sei uye inotumidza sei hukama hwehukama. Nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu dzakaona mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemaitiro ehukama.
1. Kubatana Kwemhuri: Iyi nzira inoziva hukama hwemhuri kubva kuvabereki vese. Inonyanya kuonekwa seyakajairika munharaunda dzakabudirira, uko vanhu vanowanzonzwa hukama hweropa hwakasimba nemhuri dzavo dzevabereki nedzemadzibaba.
2. Ukama Hwemhuri: Munzanga ine dzinza, hukama hunowanikwa kuburikidza nedzinza remurume. Vana vanoonekwa sechikamu chemhuri yababa, uye varume chete ndivo vanogona kugara nhaka yezita remhuri nepfuma.
3. Ukama hwemhuri: Kusiyana neukama hwemhuri, nzira iyi inoverenga hukama kuburikidza nedzinza remukadzi. Vana vanoonekwa sechikamu chemhuri yaamai, uye nhaka nechinzvimbo zvinowanzopfuudzwa kuburikidza nedzinza remukadzi.
4. Sisitimu yeKinship yeEskimo: Inoshandiswa nemaEskimo nenzanga zhinji dzemazuva ano, kusanganisira United States. Iyi sisitimu inosiyanisa pakati pehama nehanzvadzi uye pakati pehama dzababa nedzaamai.
5. Sisitimu yeKubatana yeHawaii: Imwe yenzira dziri nyore, apo hama dzese dzinonzi neshoko rimwe chete, pasina musiyano pakati pemurume nemukadzi kana zera.
6. Rudzi rweIroquois Kinship: Iyi sisitimu inopa mazwi akasiyana kuhama dzakafanana uye hama dzakasangana, uye izvi zvinopesvedzera maitiro ekuroorana pakati pemapoka ehama.
Basa uye Basa reUkama Munzanga
Ukama hune basa rakakosha muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupenyu hwemagariro evanhu netsika, zvinosanganisira:
1. Maumbirwo Emhuri: Ukama hunosarudza kuti mhuri dzinoumbwa sei uye kuti ndiani anobatanidzwa mazviri. Izvi zvinosanganisirawo kugoverwa kwemabasa evanhurume nevanhukadzi mumhuri.
2. Nhaka uye Kugara Pachigaro: Maitiro mazhinji ehukama anosarudza kuti pfuma nenzvimbo zvinopfuudzwa sei kubva kuchizvarwa chimwe kuenda kune chimwe. Semuenzaniso, muhurongwa hwemhuri, pfuma inowanzopfuudzwa kubva kuna baba kuenda kumwanakomana.
3. Hukama Hwevanhu: Hukama hwehukama hunowanzova hwaro hwemasocial network. Semuenzaniso, masisitimu ehukama anogona kukanganisa kuti ndiani anotarisirwa kutsigira ani mumamiriro ezvinhu ekusawirirana kana kushandira pamwe.
4. Kubatana Kwezvematongerwo Enyika: Mune dzimwe tsika dzechivanhu, hukama hwemhuri hunogona kuva hwaro hwekubatana kwezvematongerwo enyika uye simba revanhu. Semuenzaniso, mhuri dzakakura kana kuti madzinza anogona kuita basa guru muhurongwa hwehurumende dzemunharaunda.
5. Tsika neChitendero: Ukama hunowanzobatanidzwa zvakanyanya netsika dzechitendero netsika dzekuparidzwa kwevana dzakadai semitambo yemuchato, mariro, uye tsika dzekupa mazita.
Mhedziso
Kudzidza nezvehukama hwemhuri nehurongwa hwemhuri chinhu chikuru cheanthropology. Dzidziso nemarudzi ehurongwa hwehukama hwakatsanangurwa zvinoratidza nzira dzakasiyana-siyana uye dzakaoma dzinoshandiswa nevanhu kuronga hukama hwavo hwemagariro evanhu. Kunzwisisa kuti hukama hwemhuri hunoshanda sei mutsika dzakasiyana-siyana kunopa ruzivo rwakadzama pamusoro pekuti nzanga dzinoumbwa sei uye kuti hunhu hwemunhu hunovakwa sei. Munyika iri kuramba ichikura, ongororo yehukama hwemhuri ichiri kukosha sezvo hukama hwehukama huchiramba huchienderana neshanduko dzemagariro evanhu netekinoroji.
Pasinei nekuoma kwayo uye kusiyana kwayo, hukama hwemhuri hunoramba huri chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha uye zvakajairika muhupenyu hwevanhu, zvichipa mukana unokosha wekunzwisisa kuti tinorarama sei pamwe chete uye tinodyidzana sei sevanhu vane hukama.
