Anthropology yezvematongerwo enyika uye Maumbirwo eSimba
Anthropology yezvematongerwo enyika ibazi reanthropology rinodzidza nezvezvematongerwo enyika muhupenyu hwevanhu munharaunda dzakasiyana-siyana. Chinangwa chikuru cheanthropology yezvematongerwo enyika ndechekuti simba rinowanikwa sei, rinoshandiswa sei, uye rinochengetwa sei mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana etsika nemagariro evanhu. Muchinyorwa chino, tichaongorora pfungwa huru dzeanthropology yezvematongerwo enyika nemaumbirwo esimba, uye kuti chidzidzo ichi chinopa sei ruzivo rwakasiyana muhukama huripo pakati pesimba nenharaunda.
Nhanganyaya kuAnthropology yezvematongerwo enyika
Nyanzvi dzezvematongerwo enyika dzakatanga kukura senzira yakasiyana mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. Nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzakatanga kuona kuti mativi ezvematongerwo enyika nesimba zvaive zvakakosha pakunzwisisa nzanga yevanhu yose. Mumwe wevakatanga basa iri aive Max Gluckmann, uyo akasimbisa kukosha kwekuongorora maitiro ekugadzirisa kusawirirana nekurwisana munharaunda.
Dzidzo yevanhu vezvematongerwo enyika haingoongorori chete masangano epamutemo akadai sematunhu, mapato ezvematongerwo enyika, nemasangano epasi rose, asiwo marongerwo esimba munharaunda diki, mapoka emadzinza, madzinza, uye vanhu veko. Izvi zvinobvumira vanoongorora dzidziso dzevanhu kunzwisisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzinorongwa nadzo simba nemasimba.
Dzidziso muAnthropology yezvematongerwo enyika
Kune dzidziso dzinoverengeka dzakakosha mu anthropology yezvematongerwo enyika dzinobatsira kutsanangura mashandiro anoita simba munharaunda:
1. Dzidziso yeStructural-Functionalist:
Dzidziso iyi, yakafarirwa naTalcott Parsons naA.R. Radcliffe-Brown, inoti nzanga masisitimu akarongeka umo chinhu chimwe nechimwe chine basa racho. Mumamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika, masangano akadai sehurumende anonzi anoshanda kuchengetedza kuenzana uye kugadzikana munharaunda.
2. Dzidziso yeKusawirirana:
Dzidziso yekusawirirana, yakabatana naKarl Marx naMax Gluckmann, inoona simba semhedzisiro yekusawirirana uye kurwisana pakati pemapoka anokwikwidzana. Simba rinowanzoonekwa sechishandiso chekudzvinyirira mapoka asina simba.
3. Dzidziso yeAgent:
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, dzidziso yesangano, yakakurudzirwa naAnthony Giddens naPierre Bourdieu, yakasimbisa kukosha kwevanhu nemapoka madiki mukuumba nekushandura maumbirwo esimba. Dzidziso iyi inoziva kuti vanhu nemapoka vane simba rekuita zvinhu vachizvimiririra, kunyangwe mukati mezvimiro zvinoita sezvisina kusimba.
4. Dzidziso yePostcolonial:
Dzidziso yePostcolonial, inomiririrwa nevafungi vakaita saEdward Said naGayatri Chakravorty Spivak, inoratidza kuti masimba epasi rose anopesvedzerwa sei nenhoroondo dzekutorwa kwenyika neumambo hwehumambo. Dzidziso iyi inosimbisa kukosha kwekunzwisisa kuti hukama hwesimba mumamiriro ezvinhu ekutorwa kwenyika nepashure pekoloni hunopesvedzera sei nzanga netsika.
Simba Rakaumbwa Munzanga
Maumbirwo esimba munharaunda anogona kusiyana zvakanyanya zvichienderana nemamiriro etsika, magariro evanhu, uye nhoroondo. Heano mamwe marudzi eumbirwo esimba anowanzo kurukurwa mu anthropology yezvematongerwo enyika:
1. Simba reChinyakare:
Simba rechivanhu rinowanzo shandiswa patsika, tsika, uye kodzero yekuva nhaka. Mienzaniso inosanganisira simba remadzimambo kana madzishe emadzinza munharaunda dzevagari vemo. Muhurongwa hwesimba rechivanhu, simba rinowanzo shandiswa pakugara nhaka uye rinotongwa netsika dzakasimba.
2. Simba reKukwezva:
Simba rerunako rinobva pahunhu hwemunhu kana hunyanzvi hwake hunoonekwa sehunoshamisa nevateveri vake. Max Weber akaona simba rerunako seimwe yemhando nhatu dzesimba (pamwe chete nepfungwa-mutemo uye tsika). Vanhu vakaita sevatungamiriri vezvitendero, vanochinja-chinja, kana vatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika vanoremekedzwa vanogona kuwana simba kuburikidza nerunako rwavo.
3. Simba reMutemo-Rakanaka:
Simba remutemo rine musoro rakavakirwa pahurongwa hwemitemo nemitemo inozivikanwa zviri pamutemo. Hurongwa hwesimba iri hunowanzo kuwanikwa munharaunda dzemazuva ano, uko simba rinotenderwa kuburikidza nebumbiro remitemo nemitemo. Masangano akadai sehurumende, matare edzimhosva, nematare edzimhosva mienzaniso yehurongwa hwesimba rine musoro.
4. Simba rezvehupfumi:
Simba rehupfumi rine chekuita nekutonga zviwanikwa zvehupfumi, zvakaita sevhu, mari, uye vashandi. Munzanga dzakawanda, maumbirwo emapoka evanhu anogona kukanganisa kugoverwa kwesimba rehupfumi. Muenzaniso ihukapitalisti, uko varidzi vemari vanoshandisa simba guru mukusarudza hurongwa hwehupfumi nezvematongerwo enyika.
5. Simba rezvematongerwo enyika:
Simba rezvematongerwo enyika rinoreva kugona kuwana, kufurira, uye kushandisa simba mukati mehurumende kana imwe sangano rezvematongerwo enyika. Masimba ezvematongerwo enyika anogona kusanganisira mapato ezvematongerwo enyika, vamiriri vemitemo, uye vatungamiriri vehurumende.
Zvidzidzo zveNyaya muAnthropology yezvematongerwo enyika
Kuti unzwisise zviri nani mashandiro anoita masimba munharaunda dzakasiyana, heano mamwe maitikiro akakosha muzvidzidzo zvezvematongerwo enyika:
1. Vanhu vechiAcehnese muIndonesia:
Zvidzidzo zvevanhu vemuAcehnese zvinoratidza kuti simba rechivanhu neramazuva ano rinogona sei kusangana. MuAceh, pane hurongwa hwesimba hwechivanhu hunonzi "nanggroe" pamwe chete nehutongi hwemazuva ano. Vatungamiriri vetsika (ulama) nevatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika vepamutemo vanowanzo shanda pamwe chete kuti vatonge uye vatonge nzanga.
2. Maitiro emadzinza kuEast Africa:
Marudzi mazhinji ekumabvazuva kweAfrica, akadai seMaasai, ane hurongwa hwesimba hwakavakirwa pamadzinza. Madzishe emadzinza ane simba guru uye ane basa rekugovera zviwanikwa nekugadzirisa kusawirirana pakati penhengo dzemadzinza. Hurongwa uhwu hunoratidza simba retsika rakakosha muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
3. Hurumende yeMusha muMexico:
Mumisha mizhinji yeMexico, hurumende yemuno inorongwa kuburikidza nenzira inozivikanwa se "usos y costumbres" (tsika netsika). Iyi nzira inobvumira vagari vemo kusarudza vatungamiriri vavo zvichibva pakubvumirana kwenzvimbo netsika, izvo zvinowanzosiyana nehurongwa hwehurumende yenyika.
Mhedziso
Kudzidza nezvevanhu vezvematongerwo enyika kunotibvumira kunzwisisa kuoma kwesimba mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana etsika nemagariro evanhu. Nekutsvaga dzidziso dzakasiyana-siyana uye maumbirwo esimba, nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinogona kubatsira kuburitsa nzira idzo nzanga dzakasiyana dzinoronga hupenyu hwadzo hwezvematongerwo enyika. Maumbirwo esimba—angave echinyakare, erudo, emutemo-ane musoro, ehupfumi, kana ezvematongerwo enyika—anoratidza kuti hapana nzira imwe chete, yepasi rose yekunzwisisa mashandiro esimba. Kuburikidza nezvidzidzo zvezviitiko kubva pasi rese, kudzidza nezvevanhu vezvematongerwo enyika kunoramba kuchikudza kunzwisisa kwedu mashandiro anoita simba muhupenyu hwevanhu.
Saka, dzidziso yevanhu vezvematongerwo enyika inopa maonero akapfuma uye akasiyana-siyana ekunzwisisa hukama huripo pakati pevanhu, mapoka, nemasangano mukati memamiriro akasiyana esimba. Indima inoramba ichichinja uye inoramba yakakosha munyika iri kuchinja, ichitipa maturusi akakosha ekuongorora kuti tinzwisise nekugadzirisa matambudziko ezvematongerwo enyika emazuva ano.
