Zvikamu zveKamera
Kamera iri nyore ine lenzi yakamoneredzwa, diaphragm yeziso, shutter nefirimu.
Lenzi yeConvex inoshanda kugadzira mifananidzo chaiyo neyakapindurwa pafirimu. Kusiyana negirazi remaziso, iro rine urefu hwefocal hunochinja-chinja, lenzi yekamera ine urefu hwefocal hwakatarwa. Lenzi yekamera igirazi rakatenderedzwa, kwete lenzi rakatenderedzwa, nekuti mufananidzo unogadzirwa negirazi rakatenderedzwa unogara uri wechokwadi. Kusiyana neizvi, mufananidzo unogadzirwa negirazi rakatenderedzwa unongova wechokwadi kana daro rechinhu riri guru kupfuura urefu hwefocal. Mufananidzo chaiwo mufananidzo uripo zvechokwadi, saka mufananidzo uyu unogona kurekodhwa pafirimu. Kusiyana neizvi, mufananidzo chaiwo mufananidzo wenhema, saka haugone kurekodhwa pafirimu. Nzvimbo yemufananidzo chaiwo newakatenderedzwa unogadzirwa negirazi rakatenderedzwa inoenderana nenzvimbo yefirimu.
Diaphragm kana kuti "mira" igedhi rinogona kugadziriswa muchimiro chedenderedzwa rine dhayamita D. Diaphragm inoshanda kudzora huwandu hwechiedza chinorova firimu. Saizi yedhayamita yekuvhura inoenderana nehukuru hwelenzi uye inoratidzwa nenhamba f kana f-stop. f-stop inotsanangurwa sechiyero cherefu hwefocal lenzi (f) kune dhayamita yekuvhura (D): f-kumira = f / D. Kana lenzi ine urefu hwefocal hwe100 mm uye dhayamita yeaperture iri 20 mm, lenzi ine f-stop ye100 mm / 20 mm = 5. Muchiitiko ichi, lenzi yakaiswa pa f / 5. Kana lenzi ine urefu hwefocal hwe100 mm uye dhayamita yeaperture iri 25 mm, lenzi ine f-stop ye100 mm / 25 mm = 4. Muchiitiko ichi, lenzi yakaiswa pa f / 4. Zvichibva pakuverenga uku, zvinogumiswa kuti kana dhayamita yeaperture yakakura, nhamba ye f-stop idiki uye chiedza chakawanda chinorova firimu. Nhamba diki ye f-stop (dhayamita yakakura yeaperture) ndiyo kumhanya kwelenzi.
Chivharo kana chifukidziro Inodzorawo huwandu hwechiedza chinorova firimu. Nguva iyo shutter yakavhurika inokanganisa huwandu hwechiedza chinorova firimu nekuti kana shutter yakavhurika, firimu rinoonekwawo uye rinoonekwa nechiedza. Kumhanya kweshutter kunonziwo "nguva yekubuda pachena." Kumhanya kweshutter kwakabatana nenguva iyo shutter yakavhurika, saka kumhanya kweshutter kunoratidzwa mumasekonzi. Kumhanya kweshutter kunobva pamasekonzi mashoma kusvika kuchikamu chesekondi. Nguva pfupi iyo shutter yakavhurika, kumhanya kweshutter kunokurumidza, uye chiedza chishoma chinorova firimu. Kumhanya kweshutter nekukurumidza kunodiwa kana paine chiedza chidiki. Kumhanya kweshutter nekukurumidza kunodiwawo kubvisa kusviba kunokonzerwa nekufamba kwekamera.
firimu Basa rekamera nderekurekodha mufananidzo chaiwo wakagadzirwa ne lenzi yekamera. Makore akati wandei apfuura, firimu raishandiswa mumakamera, asi nhasi, firimu harichashandiswi mumakamera. Mufananidzo wakagadzirwa ne lenzi yekamera wava kurekodha nemagetsi. Makamera anorekodha mifananidzo nemagetsi anonzi makamera edhijitari. Makamera anorekodha mifananidzo achishandisa firimu anonzi makamera eanalog.
Kutarisa Magirazi uye Kugadzira Mifananidzo
Hunhu hwemhedzisiro yekupfura hunoenderana kwete chete nehukuru hwekuvhura kwediaphragm uye kumhanya kweshutter, asiwo nekutarisa. Usati wakurukura nezvekutarisa lenzi yekamera, tanga wanzwisisa tsananguro inotevera. Munyaya yemalenzi econvex, zvinotsanangurwa kuti kana daro rechinhu (s) riri kure zvikuru uye richionekwa serisingaperi, mufananidzo chaiwo unogadzirwa nelenzi yeconvex unoenderana nenzvimbo yekutarisa lenzi yeconvex. Saka kana daro rechinhu risingaperi, daro remufananidzo (s') rakaenzana nerefu rekutarisa (f). Munyaya yemifananidzo yelenzi yeconvex, zvinodzidziswa kuti kana daro rechinhu riri diki, daro remufananidzo rakakura uye saizi yemufananidzo yakakurawo. Munyaya yemuenzaniso welenzi yeconvex mibvunzo nhamba 2 ne3, zvinodzidziswa kuti kana kureba kwelenzi kuri kukuru, daro remufananidzo (s') rakakura uye saizi yemufananidzo yakakurawo.
Kutarisa lenzi yekamera kwakasiyana nekutarisa chitarisiko cheziso. Kutarisa chitarisiko cheziso kunoitwa nekushandura kutenderera kwechikamu cheziso (kuchinja kureba kwechikamu cheziso) kusvika mufananidzo wawira zvakananga pa retina, zvichikonzera mufananidzo wakajeka. Kana kamera ikashandisa lenzi imwe chete (kwete lenzi ye zoom ine ma lenzi akawanda), kureba kwechikamu cheziso hakugone kuchinjwa. Kutarisa lenzi yekamera kunoitwa nekushandura daro remufananidzo (s') kusvika mufananidzo wakajeka wagadzirwa.
Kana daro rechinhu (s) riri kure zvikuru kana kuti risina muganho, saka daro remufananidzo (s') rakafanana nerefu hwefocal (f). Enzanisa Mufananidzo 1.
Kana daro rechinhu riri diki pane risingaperi, daro remufananidzo (s') rakakura kupfuura urefu hwefocal (f). Dara rechinhu (s) riri diki, daro remufananidzo (s') rakakura uye saizi yemufananidzo yakakura. Zvichibva patsananguro iyi, zvinogumiswa kuti kana daro riri pakati pechinhu nelenzi riri pedyo, daro riri pakati pelenzi nefirimu rinofanira kuwedzerwa. Kana daro riri pakati pechinhu nelenzi riri kure, daro riri pakati pelenzi nefirimu rinoderedzwa. Enzanisa Mufananidzo 2.
Pakutarisa lenzi yekamera, kureba kwelenzi kunofanirawo kutariswa. Kureba kwelenzi, kureba kwemufananidzo (s') kunowedzerawo. Lenzi ine kureba kwelenzi inoburitsawo mufananidzo wakakura. Kana uchida mufananidzo wakajeka kana chinhu chiri kure, shandisa lenzi ine kureba kwelenzi inotaridzika zvakanaka. Malenzi ane kureba kwelenzi inotaridzika zvakanaka anowanzova akati sandara kana kuti asina kukombama.
