Chiphunzitso cha Kukula kwa Zachuma
Kukula kwachuma ndi chizindikiro chofunikira poyesa kupita patsogolo kwa dziko. Mawuwa akutanthauza kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu yachuma ya dziko popanga katundu ndi ntchito pakapita nthawi inayake. Chimodzi mwa zolinga zazikulu za ndondomeko yachuma cha dziko ndikukwaniritsa kukula kwachuma kokhazikika komanso kophatikizana. M'nkhaniyi, tikambirana mfundo zingapo zofunika zomwe zapangidwa kuti timvetsetse njira zokulirakulira kwachuma.
1. Chiphunzitso Chakale
Chiphunzitso chakale cha kukula kwachuma chinayambitsidwa koyamba ndi akatswiri azachuma monga Adam Smith, David Ricardo, ndi Thomas Malthus. Adam Smith, m'buku lake lakuti "The Wealth of Nations" (1776), adanena kuti kukula kwachuma kumayendetsedwa ndi kugawa ntchito ndi kusonkhanitsa ndalama. Smith ankakhulupirira kuti pamene antchito akukhala aluso kwambiri pantchito zinazake, zokolola zidzawonjezeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chuma chikule.
David Ricardo adapanga chiphunzitsochi mwa kupanga chiphunzitso cha kufananiza phindu ndi kugawa ndalama. Anagogomezera kufunika kwa kusonkhanitsa ndalama ndi ukadaulo pakukula kwachuma. Pakadali pano, Thomas Malthus anali ndi malingaliro osalimbikitsa, ponena kuti kukula kwachangu kwa anthu kungayambitse kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso kukakamiza chuma.
2. Chiphunzitso cha Neo-Classical
Chiphunzitso cha kukula kwachuma cha Neoclassical chimamangidwa pa maziko a chiphunzitso chakale. Chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zodziwika bwino m'gululi ndi chitsanzo cha kukula kwa Solow-Swan, chomwe chinapangidwa ndi Robert Solow ndi Trevor Swan mu 1956. Chitsanzochi chikugogomezera udindo wa kusonkhanitsa ndalama, ntchito, ndi kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo pakukula kwachuma.
Mu chitsanzo cha Solow, kukula kwachuma kumadalira kuwonjezeka kwa kupanga zinthu. Komabe, Solow adayambitsanso lingaliro la "boma lokhazikika," pomwe chuma chimafika pamlingo woyenera ndipo kukula kwachuma kumachepa pamene ubwino wowonjezera wa kusonkhanitsa ndalama ukuchepa. Pachifukwa ichi, kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo kumaonedwa ngati chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chikuyendetsa kukula kwachuma kwanthawi yayitali.
3. Chiphunzitso cha Kukula kwa Zachilengedwe
Chiphunzitso cha kukula kwa zinthu m'chilengedwe chinayamba poyankha zofooka za chitsanzo cha neoclassical, makamaka pofotokoza magwero a kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo ndi momwe zimathandizira pakukula kwachuma. Paul Romer ndi Robert Lucas anali anthu ofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwa chiphunzitsochi m'zaka za m'ma 1980.
Chiphunzitso cha kukula kwa zinthu m'chilengedwe chimagogomezera kuti kuyika ndalama mu anthu, luso latsopano, ndi chidziwitso ndiye chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimayambitsa kukula kwachuma. Mu chitsanzo ichi, ukadaulo si chinthu chakunja, koma ndi chinthu chochokera ku ntchito zachuma monga kafukufuku ndi chitukuko. Chifukwa chake, mfundo za boma zomwe zimathandiza kuyika ndalama mu maphunziro ndi luso latsopano zitha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu pakukula kwachuma.
4. Chiphunzitso cha Kukula kwa Schumpeterian
Joseph Schumpeter, katswiri wodziwika bwino wazachuma wa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20, anapereka lingaliro losiyana la kukula kwachuma. Schumpeter adagogomezera udindo wa amalonda ndi "kuwononga zinthu mwanzeru" pakuyambitsa zatsopano ndi kusintha kwachuma. Ananena kuti njirayi ikuphatikizapo kusintha matekinoloje akale ndi atsopano, zomwe zimawonjezera magwiridwe antchito ndi zokolola.
Schumpeter ankakhulupirira kuti kulamulira kwakanthawi komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha luso kungayambitse ndalama zambiri komanso kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka mafakitale. Ngakhale kuti mphamvu ya Schumpeter imagwirizana kwambiri ndi chiphunzitso cha kukula kwa zinthu, kuyang'ana kwake pa ntchito ya luso ndi utsogoleri wa bizinesi kwapereka thandizo lofunika kwambiri pakumvetsetsa momwe kukula kwachuma kumayendera.
5. Chiphunzitso Chatsopano cha Kukula
M'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, malingaliro atsopano abuka omwe amayesa kuphatikiza mfundo zosiyanasiyana zakale pophatikiza zinthu zatsopano monga malonda apadziko lonse lapansi, chilengedwe, ndi kugawa ndalama. Chitsanzo chimodzi ndi chiphunzitso cha kukula kwa zachilengedwe, chomwe chimagogomezera zofooka za zachilengedwe ndi kusintha kwa nyengo pakusanthula kukula kwachuma.
Malingaliro ena, monga kukula kwa anthu onse, amayang'ana kwambiri pakugawa ndalama ndi mwayi wachuma mofanana. Munthawi ino ya kufalikira kwa mayiko padziko lonse lapansi, zinthu monga mwayi wopeza msika wapadziko lonse lapansi ndi kuphatikizana kwachuma ndi zina mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakukula kwachuma.
Zotsatira za Ndondomeko
Kumvetsetsa bwino chiphunzitso cha kukula kwa chuma kumakhala ndi tanthauzo lofunika pa mfundo za boma. Maboma amatha kuchitapo kanthu kuti apange malo abwino oti akule, monga kuyika ndalama mu zomangamanga , kusintha maphunziro, kulimbikitsa mfundo zamisonkho, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zabwino za kukula kwachuma zikugawidwa kwambiri m'dera lonse.
Kumbali inayi, mavuto monga kusalingana, kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, komanso kudalira ukadaulo winawake ayenera kuthetsedwa kuti pakhale kukula kokhazikika . Mwa kuthana ndi zopinga izi, mayiko amatha kukwaniritsa kukula kwachuma koyenera komanso koyenera.
Mapeto
Kukula kwachuma ndi chinthu chovuta chomwe chimakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zamkati ndi zakunja. Malingaliro okhudza kukula kwachuma, omwe apangidwa kwa zaka mazana ambiri, amapereka chidziwitso chofunikira cha momwe chuma chimagwirira ntchito komanso kusintha pakapita nthawi.
Pomaliza, ndikofunikira kuti opanga mfundo, akatswiri a maphunziro, ndi akatswiri apitirize kupanga ndikusintha mfundozi kuti athetse mavuto azachuma omwe alipo. Motero, mfundo zochokera pakumvetsetsa bwino chiphunzitso cha kukula kwachuma zingathandize kukwaniritsa zolinga zazikulu komanso zokhazikika zachitukuko mtsogolo.
