Chiphunzitso cha Malonda Padziko Lonse: Kugwirizanitsa Msika Wapadziko Lonse
Malonda apadziko lonse lapansi akhala mizati yofunika kwambiri pa chuma chamakono chapadziko lonse lapansi. Monga lingaliro lolumikiza misika padziko lonse lapansi, malonda apadziko lonse lapansi amalola mayiko kupeza katundu ndi ntchito zomwe sangathe kupanga bwino okha, kukonza chuma, ndikuyendetsa kukula kwachuma. Komabe, kumbuyo kwa machitidwe owoneka ngati osavuta awa, pali malingaliro osiyanasiyana omwe amayesa kufotokoza momwe ndi chifukwa chake malonda apadziko lonse lapansi amachitikira. Nkhaniyi ifotokoza zina mwa malingaliro odziwika bwino mu malonda apadziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza malingaliro a phindu lenileni, phindu loyerekeza , ndi chitsanzo cha Heckscher-Ohlin.
Chiphunzitso cha Ubwino Wosatha
Chiphunzitso cha phindu lalikulu chinaperekedwa ndi Adam Smith m'buku lake lakuti "The Wealth of Nations" mu 1776. Malinga ndi chiphunzitsochi, dziko lili ndi phindu lalikulu ngati lingathe kupanga zinthu zambiri ndi ndalama zofanana ndi mayiko ena. Pankhani ya malonda apadziko lonse, mayiko omwe ali ndi phindu lalikulu popanga chinthu china adzatumiza kunja zinthu zabwinozo ndikutumiza katundu amene sangathe kupanga bwino.
Mwachitsanzo, ngati dziko A likhoza kupanga matani 10 a tirigu ndi antchito omwewo monga momwe dziko B lingapangire matani 5 okha, ndiye kuti dziko A lili ndi mwayi waukulu pakupanga tirigu. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ngati dziko B lili ndi mwayi waukulu pakupanga nsalu, malonda pakati pa mayiko awiriwa adzawathandiza kusinthana katundu moyenera, zomwe zidzawonjezera ubwino wa mayiko onse awiri.
Chiphunzitso cha Ubwino Woyerekeza
Chiphunzitso cha phindu loyerekeza, chomwe chinayambitsidwa ndi David Ricardo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 19, chinakula pa lingaliro lomwe linayambitsidwa ndi Adam Smith. Malinga ndi Ricardo, ngakhale dziko litakhala kuti silili ndi mwayi wokwanira pakupanga katundu, pali mwayi wochita malonda mwa kusamala kwambiri katundu yemwe angapangidwe pamtengo wotsika poyerekeza ndi mayiko ena.
Mwachitsanzo, ngati dziko A lili ndi luso kwambiri popanga tirigu ndi nsalu kuposa dziko B, koma ubwino wopanga tirigu ndi waukulu kuposa wa nsalu, ndiye kuti dziko A liyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri pakupanga tirigu. Pakadali pano, dziko B likhoza kuyang'ana kwambiri pakupanga nsalu, ngakhale kuti silipanga bwino kwambiri , chifukwa dziko A lili ndi ubwino waukulu pa tirigu. Motero, mayiko onsewa akhoza kupindula ndi malonda kutengera ndalama zochepa zomwe angagwiritse ntchito.
Chitsanzo cha Heckscher-Ohlin
M'zaka za m'ma 20, Eli Heckscher ndi Bertil Ohlin adapanga chitsanzo chatsatanetsatane cha malonda apadziko lonse lapansi, chodziwika kuti Heckscher-Ohlin model. Chitsanzochi chimayang'ana kwambiri pakugawa kwa zinthu monga chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimayambitsa machitidwe amalonda. Malinga ndi chiphunzitsochi, mayiko azitumiza katundu kunja komwe kupanga kwake kumagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zambiri m'deralo ndikutumiza katundu yemwe kupanga kwake kumafuna zinthu zochepa.
Mwachitsanzo, mayiko omwe ali ndi antchito ambiri adzatumiza katundu wofunikira kwambiri, pomwe mayiko omwe ali ndi ndalama zambiri adzatumiza katundu wofunikira kwambiri. Chitsanzochi chikuwonetsa kufunika kwa zinthu zopangira popanga njira zamalonda ndipo chimathandiza kufotokoza zochitika zamalonda apadziko lonse zomwe sizingamvetsetsedwe mokwanira ndi malingaliro a phindu lenileni komanso loyerekeza.
Chiphunzitso cha Kufuna Kofanana
Chiphunzitso cha kufunikira kofanana chikuphatikizapo mbali ina ya malonda apadziko lonse lapansi, kuyang'ana kwambiri kufunikira kwa misika yapadziko lonse. John Stuart Mill adayambitsa lingaliro ili, akugogomezera kuti malonda amakhudzidwa ndi kufunikira kwa maiko ena, kuwonjezera pa kupereka. Pankhaniyi, mulingo wa kusinthana pakati pa mayiko ndi pomwe kufunikira kwa katundu kuchokera kumayiko onse awiri kuli kofanana.
Mwachitsanzo, ngati dziko A likufuna kwambiri katundu wochokera ku dziko B ndipo mosiyana, kufunikira kumeneku kudzatsimikizira mitengo ya katundu mu malonda apadziko lonse, ndipo mayiko onse awiri adzapeza mgwirizano wopindulitsa. Chiphunzitsochi chikuwonetsa kufunika kwa zomwe ogula amakonda komanso chimatithandiza kumvetsetsa momwe malonda apadziko lonse lapansi amagwirira ntchito.
Chiphunzitso cha Padziko Lonse cha Kuzungulira kwa Zogulitsa
Mu zaka za m'ma 1960, Raymond Vernon adayambitsa chiphunzitso cha kuzungulira kwa malonda apadziko lonse lapansi, chomwe chimafotokoza momwe zinthu zatsopano zingakhudzire malonda apadziko lonse lapansi. Malinga ndi chiphunzitsochi, zinthu zimadutsa m'magawo atatu: kuyambitsa, kukula, ndi kukhwima. Pa gawo loyambitsa, zinthu zatsopano nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'maiko otukuka. Pamene malondawa akuyamba kutchuka ndikufikira pamlingo waukulu, kupanga kumatha kusamukira kumayiko osatukuka omwe ali ndi ndalama zochepa zopangira.
Mwachitsanzo, zinthu zambiri zamakono zamakono zinayamba kuonekera m'maiko monga United States ndi Japan. Komabe, pamene ukadaulo unapita patsogolo komanso ndalama zopangira zinachepa, kupanga zinthuzi nthawi zambiri kunasamukira kumayiko osatukuka, komwe kumatha kupangidwa pamtengo wotsika, kukweza kutumiza kunja ndikukhazikitsa mitengo padziko lonse lapansi.
Mapeto
Malonda apadziko lonse lapansi ndi chinthu chovuta chomwe chimakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu, kugawa zinthu, kufunikira kwa zinthu padziko lonse lapansi, komanso kupanga zinthu zatsopano. Chiphunzitso cha malonda apadziko lonse lapansi chimapereka malingaliro osiyanasiyana omvetsetsa momwe ndi chifukwa chake mayiko amachita malonda m'njira zomwe zimapindulitsa mbali zonse ziwiri.
Kuchokera ku chiphunzitso cha Adam Smith cha ubwino wokwanira mpaka chitsanzo cha Raymond Vernon cha kayendedwe ka zinthu, chiphunzitso chilichonse chimapereka chidziwitso chofunikira pa njira zachuma zomwe zimayambitsa malonda apadziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale kuti ziphunzitsozi zimapereka njira zofunika zowunikira, kayendetsedwe ka malonda padziko lonse lapansi kakusintha nthawi zonse ndi kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo, kusintha kwa mfundo, komanso kusintha kwa zomwe ogula amakonda. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuti akatswiri azachuma, opanga mfundo, ndi mabizinesi aziwunikanso nthawi zonse ndikusintha mfundozi kuti akwaniritse mwayi wogulitsa pamsika wapadziko lonse womwe umasintha nthawi zonse.
