Magwero a Ndalama za Boma
Ndalama zomwe boma limapereka ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pa kayendetsedwe ka ndalama m'dziko. Lili ndi udindo wopereka ndalama zothandizira boma, kaya pa chitukuko cha zomangamanga, maphunziro, chisamaliro chaumoyo, kapena chitetezo. Chifukwa chake, kumvetsetsa komwe boma limapereka ndalama ndikofunikira kuti timvetse bwino momwe ndalama za boma zimayendetsedwera. Nkhaniyi ifufuza mwatsatanetsatane magwero angapo ofunikira a ndalama za boma.
1. Misonkho
Misonkho ndi gwero lalikulu la ndalama m'maiko ambiri, kuphatikizapo Indonesia. Misonkho imaperekedwa ngati zopereka zokakamiza zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi anthu ndi mabizinesi ku boma. Misonkho imagawidwa m'magulu angapo kutengera mutu ndi cholinga chawo:
– Misonkho ya Ndalama (PPh): Misonkho iyi imaperekedwa pa ndalama zomwe anthu kapena mabungwe amalonda amalandira kapena kupeza. Ku Indonesia, PPh imagawidwanso m'mitundu ingapo, monga PPh Article 21 ya antchito, PPh Article 22 yamalonda, ndi PPh Article 23 ya ma royalties ndi ma dividends.
– Misonkho Yowonjezera Mtengo (VAT): VAT imaperekedwa pa katundu ndi ntchito zogulitsidwa. Uwu ndi msonkho wosalunjika ndipo umaperekedwa kwa ogula. VAT ndi imodzi mwa magwero akuluakulu a msonkho chifukwa pafupifupi katundu ndi ntchito zonse zimalipidwa msonkhowu.
– Misonkho ya Malo ndi Nyumba (PBB): Misonkho iyi imaperekedwa pa malo ndi umwini wa nyumba. Ndalama zomwe zimalipidwa nthawi zambiri zimawerengedwa kutengera mtengo wogulitsa wokhomeredwa msonkho (NJOP).
– Misonkho Yochokera Kunja ndi Kutumiza Zinthu: Misonkhoyi imayang'aniridwa pa katundu wotumizidwa kunja kapena wotumizidwa kunja, ndipo cholinga chake ndi kulamulira kayendedwe ka katundu ndikuteteza makampani akunyumba ku mpikisano wosalungama.
2. Ndalama za Boma Zosachokera ku Misonkho (PNBP)
Kuwonjezera pa misonkho, boma limalandiranso ndalama kuchokera ku Ndalama Zosakhoma Misonkho za Boma (PNBP). Izi ndi ndalama zomwe zimachokera kuzinthu zina, monga:
– Magawo a Makampani Omwe Amayendetsedwa ndi Boma: Makampani omwe ali m'manja mwa boma akuyenera kulipira magawo a phindu lawo. Mabungwe a NGO monga PT Pertamina, PT PLN, ndi PT Telkom Indonesia amapereka magawo ofunikira ku ndalama zomwe boma likupeza.
– Ndalama Zachilengedwe: Zikuphatikizapo ndalama zomwe zimapezedwa kuchokera ku nkhalango, ndalama zolipirira migodi, ndi ndalama zolipirira usodzi. Mayiko omwe ali ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zambiri, monga Indonesia, nthawi zambiri amalandira ndalama zambiri kuchokera ku gawoli.
– Zilango ndi Zilango: Boma limalandiranso ndalama kuchokera ku zilango ndi zilango zomwe zimaperekedwa chifukwa cha kuphwanya malamulo ena, monga kuphwanya malamulo a pamsewu ndi zilango zachilengedwe.
– Kuyang'anira Katundu wa Boma: Kuphatikizapo kubwereketsa nyumba kapena malo a boma, komanso zotsatira za ntchito kuchokera ku ndalama zomwe boma layika monga ndalama zomwe zayikidwa mu ma bond kapena sukuk.
3. Ngongole
Ngati ndalama zomwe boma limapeza pamisonkho ndi ndalama zomwe boma silimapeza pamisonkho sizikwanira kuphimba ndalama zomwe boma limawononga, nthawi zina boma limayenera kubwereka ndalama. Ngongole iyi ingachokere mkati mwa dzikolo kapena kunja kwa dzikolo:
– Ngongole Zamkati: Boma likhoza kupereka ma bond kapena zitetezo za boma pamsika wazachuma wamkati. Mabungwe aboma ndi am'nyumba akulimbikitsidwa kutenga nawo mbali mu ndalamazi.
– Ngongole Zakunja: Ngongole iyi ingachokere kumayiko ena kapena mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi monga World Bank ndi IMF. Ngakhale kuti ingawonjezere ndalama, ngongoleyi iyenera kusamalidwa mosamala kuti ipewe kukweza katundu wobweza ngongole mtsogolo.
4. Ndalama Zothandizira
Ndalama zothandizira ndi mtundu wa thandizo la ndalama loperekedwa ndi dziko lina kapena bungwe lapadziko lonse lapansi, lomwe nthawi zambiri siliyenera kubwezedwa. Ndalama zothandizira nthawi zambiri zimaperekedwa pa ntchito zinazake zomwe zimaonedwa kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri pa chitukuko cha dziko. Ngakhale kuti si zazikulu monga momwe zimakhalira ndi magwero ena a ndalama, ndalama zothandizira zimatha kukhala ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakuthandizira mapulojekiti enaake.
5. Zina
- Ndalama Zochokera ku Malotale Olamulidwa ndi Kutchova Njuga: Mayiko ena, ngakhale kuti si onse, amavomereza ndi kupereka misonkho ku malotale ndi kutchova njuga. Ndalama zochokera ku gawoli nthawi zambiri zimayikidwanso m'mapulogalamu ochezera anthu.
- Phindu Losungidwa ndi Ndalama Zosungidwa: Kupatula ndalama zokhazikika, boma likhozanso kupeza phindu kuchokera ku kusintha kwa mtengo wa katundu wosungidwa monga golide kapena ndalama zakunja.
Mavuto mu Ndalama za Boma
Kukonza bwino ndalama zomwe boma likupeza si ntchito yophweka. Boma likukumana ndi mavuto angapo pakuwongolera ndi kuwonjezera ndalama:
- Kupewa Misonkho: Chimodzi mwa mavuto akuluakulu ndi kupewa misonkho, kaya kudzera mu zochitika zalamulo monga kukonzekera misonkho kapena zosaloledwa monga kupewa misonkho. Kuyang'anira bwino ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wazidziwitso ndikofunikira kuti tithane ndi izi.
– Kusakhazikika kwa Mitengo ya Zinthu: Mayiko omwe amadalira ndalama zomwe amapeza kuchokera ku zinthu zachilengedwe ayenera kukhala okonzeka kuthana ndi kusakhazikika kwa mitengo ya zinthu zomwe zingakhudze ndalama zomwe amapeza.
– Kusintha kwa Zachuma Padziko Lonse: Mavuto azachuma padziko lonse lapansi kapena kusinthasintha kwa mitengo yosinthira ndalama kungakhudze ndalama zomwe boma limapeza, makamaka mayiko omwe amadalira malonda apadziko lonse lapansi.
- Kuchita Bwino ndi Kugwira Ntchito Bwino kwa Mabizinesi a Boma: Magawidwe ochokera ku Mabizinesi a Boma akhoza kukwera ngati magwiridwe antchito ndi phindu la makampaniwa ndi labwino kwambiri.
Mapeto
Magwero osiyanasiyana a ndalama za boma amapereka maziko olimba a kayendetsedwe ka ndalama za boma koyenera. Misonkho ndiyo gawo lalikulu kwambiri, koma ndalama zomwe boma silipereka msonkho (PNBP), ngongole, ndalama zothandizira, ndi zina zimathandizanso kwambiri. Kuti ndalama zambiri zipezeke, boma liyenera kukhala lochitapo kanthu pothana ndi mavuto omwe alipo, monga kukonza magwiridwe antchito a mabizinesi aboma (SOEs), kupewa kuzemba misonkho, komanso kusintha malinga ndi kusintha kwa zachuma padziko lonse lapansi. Ndi kayendetsedwe kogwira mtima, ndalama zomwe boma limapereka zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino kwambiri polimbikitsa chitukuko ndi ubwino wa anthu.
