Chiphunzitso Chakale: Kumvetsetsa Zoyambira za Maganizo Achikhalidwe Azachuma
Pendauluan
Chiphunzitso cha zachuma chachikale chimatanthauza malingaliro ndi mfundo zomwe akatswiri azachuma adapanga kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 18 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 19. Chiphunzitsochi chimaonedwa kuti ndi maziko ofunikira kwambiri pakupanga zachuma zamakono ndipo chimakhazikitsa mfundo zambiri zofunika zomwe zidakali zofunikira masiku ano. Nkhaniyi ikufuna kufotokoza mozama za chiphunzitso chachikale, zomwe zikuthandizira kwambiri, komanso kufunika kwake masiku ano.
Chiyambi cha Chiphunzitso Chakale
Chiphunzitso chachikale chinachokera ku European Enlightenment, nthawi yomwe malingaliro anzeru ndi asayansi anayamba kulamulira mbali zosiyanasiyana za kumvetsetsa kwa anthu, kuphatikizapo zachuma. Limodzi mwa ntchito zofunika kwambiri, lomwe nthawi zambiri limaonedwa kuti ndi chiyambi cha chiphunzitso chachikale cha zachuma, ndi ntchito ya Adam Smith ya mu 1776, "The Wealth of Nations." Mu ntchito yake, Smith anafotokoza mfundo monga misika yaulere, kugwira ntchito bwino, ndi kugawa ntchito.
Anthu Otchuka
Kupatula Adam Smith, anthu ena ofunikira adathandizira pakukula kwa chiphunzitso chachikale. Ena mwa awa ndi awa:
1. David Ricardo : Ricardo amadziwika ndi chiphunzitso chake cha ubwino woyerekeza komanso machitidwe a malonda aulere. Ananena kuti mayiko ayenera kukhala akatswiri pakupanga zinthu zomwe angathe kupanga bwino kuposa mayiko ena. Chiphunzitsochi chikadali maziko ofunikira pakusanthula malonda apadziko lonse lapansi.
2. Thomas Malthus: Malthus amadziwika ndi chiphunzitso chake chakuti kukula kwa chiwerengero cha anthu komwe kumaposa kukula kwa zokolola zaulimi kungayambitse kusowa ndi umphawi. Lingaliro limeneli limadziwika kuti msampha wa Malthusian ndipo lakhudza mfundo za chiwerengero cha anthu m'maiko osiyanasiyana.
3. John Stuart Mill: Mill adapanga chiphunzitso cha utilitarianism pankhani ya zachuma zakale ndipo adapereka chidziwitso chowonjezera pa ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa kupanga, kugawa, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito.
Mfundo Zoyambira
Chiphunzitso chachikale chimachokera pa mfundo zingapo zofunika, kuphatikizapo:
– Msika Waufulu: Chiphunzitso chachikale chimagogomezera kwambiri msika waufulu komwe mitengo ya katundu ndi ntchito imatsimikiziridwa ndi kupezeka ndi kufunikira popanda kulowererapo kwa boma. Akatswiri azachuma achikale ankakhulupirira kuti misika ili ndi mphamvu zodzilamulira yokha kudzera mu zomwe adazitcha "dzanja losawoneka."
– Lamulo la Say: Jean-Baptiste Say anati “kupereka kumabweretsa kufunikira kwake.” Izi zikutanthauza kuti kupanga kudzapanga ndalama zokwanira zogulira zinthu zimenezo, kuchotsa kuthekera kwa vuto la nthawi yayitali la kupanga mopitirira muyeso.
– Gawo la Ntchito: Adam Smith adayambitsa lingaliro la kugawa ntchito ngati njira yowonjezera magwiridwe antchito ndi zokolola. Gawoli la ntchito limalola akatswiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito ziwonjezeke.
Kutsutsidwa kwa Chiphunzitso Chakale
Ngakhale kuti chiphunzitso chakale chakhala maziko a chitukuko cha zachuma, sichinalepheretsedwe kutsutsidwa. Chimodzi mwa zotsutsa zofunika kwambiri chinachokera kwa akatswiri a neoclassical ndi Keynes. Mwachitsanzo, John Maynard Keynes anakana lingaliro lakuti misika nthawi zonse imatha kudzilinganiza. Malinga ndi Keynes, nthawi zina kulowererapo kwa boma ndikofunikira kuti athetse kusalingana monga kusowa kwa ntchito kwakukulu ndi kutsika kwachuma. Keynesism imagogomezera kufunika kwa kufunikira kwa zinthu zonse podziwa kuchuluka kwa ntchito zachuma.
Chiphunzitso chachikale chimaonedwanso kuti n'chosavuta kumvetsa za kayendetsedwe ka zachuma. Mwachitsanzo, lingaliro lakuti anthu onse amachita zinthu mwanzeru komanso ali ndi chidziwitso changwiro latsutsidwa chifukwa chakuti nthawi zonse samasonyeza zenizeni. Mwachizoloŵezi, zinthu zambiri zamaganizo ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zimakhudza zisankho zachuma za munthu payekha.
Kufunika kwa Chiphunzitso Chakale Masiku Ano
Ngakhale kuti pali kutsutsidwa kosiyanasiyana, malingaliro ambiri ochokera ku chiphunzitso chakale akadali ofunikira pakuwunika kwamakono kwachuma. Mfundo monga misika yaulere ndi phindu loyerekeza zimakhalabe zofunika kwambiri pakupanga mfundo zachuma m'maiko ambiri. Kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika kusinthana kwa ndalama m'nthawi ya digito pomwe kubwera kwa ndalama za digito, mwachitsanzo, kumagwiritsabe ntchito mfundo zina zofunika kwambiri za phindu ndi kusinthana zomwe oyambitsa chiphunzitso chakale adalimbikitsa.
Kuphatikiza apo, lingaliro la kugawa ntchito likupitilira kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'machitidwe amakono opanga zinthu, ndipo makampani akuluakulu nthawi zambiri amagawa ntchito zawo m'magawo enaake kuti awonjezere magwiridwe antchito. Munthawi ya kudalirana kwa mayiko, chiphunzitso cha malonda apadziko lonse lapansi, chochokera ku lingaliro lakale, chikadali chitsogozo chachikulu pakuwunika kwambiri zachuma padziko lonse lapansi.
Chiphunzitso chachikale chimaperekanso maziko a mitundu yambiri yazachuma yamakono, ndipo malingaliro ake oyambira amathandiza kupanga chimango choganizira momwe chuma chimagwirira ntchito. Ngakhale kuti dziko lapansi lasintha kwambiri kuyambira nthawi ya Adam Smith, mfundo zazikulu za chiphunzitso chachikale zimakhalabe gawo lofunikira pakuphunzira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zachuma.
Mapeto
Chiphunzitso cha zachuma chachikale chimapereka chidziwitso chofunikira chomwe chimapanga maziko a malingaliro azachuma amakono. Kuyambira pa mfundo za misika yaulere mpaka lingaliro la kugawa ntchito, malingaliro ambiri awa akadali ndi mphamvu lerolino. Komabe, ndikofunikira kuzindikira zofooka zake ndikuthandizira kumvetsetsa kwathu ndi malingaliro amtsogolo. Izi zimatithandiza kupanga dongosolo lowunikira bwino kuti timvetsetse zovuta za chuma chapadziko lonse lapansi chamakono . Chiphunzitso chachikale, ngakhale kuti chakhala ndi zaka zoposa mazana awiri, chikadali mzati wofunikira kwambiri pakuphunzira zachuma.
