Chiphunzitso cha Kinetic cha mpweya

Chiphunzitso cha kinetic cha mpweya chimati chinthu chilichonse chimapangidwa ndi ma atomu kapena mamolekyulu, ndipo ma atomu kapena mamolekyulu awa amakhala mumayendedwe osalekeza komanso osasunthika. Chiphunzitso cha kinetic ichi chikugwirizana ndi momwe ma atomu kapena mamolekyulu amakhalira omwe amapanga mpweya. Mphamvu zokopa pakati pa ma atomu kapena mamolekyulu omwe amapanga mpweya ndi zofooka kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa ma atomu kapena mamolekyulu kuyenda momasuka.

Poyenda, maatomu kapena mamolekyu ali ndi liwiro. Maatomu kapena mamolekyu alinso ndi kulemera. Chifukwa ali ndi kulemera (m) ndi liwiro (v), maatomu kapena mamolekyu ali ndi mphamvu ya kinetic (EK) ndi mphamvu ya momentum (p). Mphamvu ya Kinetic : EK = 1⁄2 mv ^2. Pamene momentum : p = m v. Kuwonjezera pa mphamvu ya kinetic ndi momentum, palinso mphamvu (F). Poyenda momasuka, kugundana kudzachitika. Chifukwa chake mphamvu imabwera chifukwa cha kusintha kwa momentum pamene kugundana kukuchitika. Kumbukiraninso kukambirana za impulse ndi momentum. Mphamvu ya Kinetic, momentum ndi mphamvu ya impulse ndizo maziko a zokambirana zathu mu nkhani ya dynamics (malamulo a Newton, impulse ndi momentum). Tikhoza kunena kuti chiphunzitso cha kinetic cha mpweya chimagwiritsa ntchito sayansi ya dynamics pamlingo wa maatomu kapena mamolekyu omwe amapanga zinthu za gasi.

Lingaliro la Gasi Labwino Kwambiri (kutengera mphamvu zazikulu za mpweya)

Pokambirana za malamulo a gasi, kuchuluka kwa mpweya kunafotokozedwa komwe kumafotokoza za mphamvu zazikulu za mpweya weniweni. Kuchuluka kwa mpweya kumeneku ndi Kutentha (T), Volume (V), ndi Kupanikizika (P). Ubale pakati pa kuchuluka kwa mpweya kumeneku ukufotokozedwa mu Law ya Boyle, Law ya Charles, ndi Law ya Gay-Lussac. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti malamulo atatuwa amagwira ntchito kokha ku mpweya weniweni womwe uli ndi mphamvu yochepa komanso kuchuluka kochepa (kuchuluka = ​​kulemera / kuchuluka). Malamulo atatuwa amagwiranso ntchito ku mpweya weniweni womwe kutentha kwake sikufika pamlingo wowira.

Lamulo la Boyle, lamulo la Charles, ndi lamulo la Gay-Lussac sizigwira ntchito pa mpweya weniweni, kotero tikhoza kupanga chitsanzo chabwino cha mpweya. Mpweya wabwino supezeka m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku; ndi mawonekedwe angwiro opangidwa mwadala kuti athandize kusanthula kwathu, ofanana ndi matupi olimba ndi madzi abwino. Chifukwa chake, tikuganiza kuti lamulo la Boyle, lamulo la Charles, ndi lamulo la Gay-Lussac zimagwira ntchito pa mpweya wabwino wonse. Kukhalapo kwa chitsanzo chabwino cha mpweya kumatithandiza kufufuza ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa kuchuluka kwa mpweya waukulu.

Lamulo la mpweya wabwino limapezeka m'ma equation awiri, omwe ndi PV = nRT (lamulo la mpweya wabwino mu ma moles) ndi PV = NkT (lamulo la mpweya wabwino mu mamolekyu). Tikuganiza kuti mpweya wabwino umakwaniritsa ma equation onse awiriwa. Mwanjira ina, lamulo la mpweya wabwino limagwira ntchito pa mikhalidwe yonse yabwino ya mpweya, pamene kupanikizika kapena kuchuluka kwa mpweya wabwino kuli kwakukulu kwambiri komanso pamene kutentha kwa mpweya wabwino kuli pafupi ndi malo owira. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, lamulo la mpweya wabwino siligwira ntchito pa mikhalidwe yonse yeniyeni ya mpweya. Lamulo la mpweya wabwino limagwira ntchito pokhapokha ngati kupanikizika ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya weniweni sikuli kwakukulu kwambiri. Lamulo la mpweya wabwino limagwiranso ntchito pokhapokha ngati kutentha kwa mpweya weniweni sikuli pafupi ndi malo owira. Kutengera ndi kufotokozera mwachidule kumeneku, tinganene kuti mpweya weniweni uli ndi makhalidwe ofanana ndi mpweya wabwino pokhapokha ngati kuchuluka ndi kuthamanga kwa mpweya weniweni sikuli kwakukulu kwambiri komanso pamene kutentha kwa mpweya weniweni sikuli pafupi ndi malo owira.

Lingaliro la mpweya wabwino lomwe lafotokozedwa pamwambapa likufufuzidwa kuchokera ku macroscopic. Ngakhale kuti mpweya wabwino ndi chitsanzo chabwino chabe, umaonedwabe kuti ndi mpweya wopangidwa ndi maatomu kapena mamolekyu oyenda momasuka. Chifukwa chake, zingakhale zothandiza kukambirananso za lingaliro la mpweya wabwino kuchokera ku ma microscopic.

Lingaliro la Gasi Labwino (kutengera mawonekedwe a mpweya wochepa kwambiri)

Apa ndi kufotokozera mwachidule komwe kumafotokoza momwe mpweya wabwino umagwirira ntchito, komwe kumachokera ku chiphunzitso cha Kinetic of Gases:

1. Mpweya wabwino umakhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono totchedwa mamolekyu. Chiwerengero cha mamolekyu ndi chachikulu kwambiri. Mamolekyu abwino a mpweya amatha kukhala ndi atomu imodzi kapena ma atomu angapo. Molekyu iliyonse ili ndi kulemera (m) ndipo imayenda mwachisawawa mbali zonse pa liwiro linalake (v).

2. Mtunda pakati pa molekyulu iliyonse ndi waukulu kuposa kukula kwa molekyulu iliyonse.

3. Mamolekyu amenewa amatsatira malamulo a kayendedwe ndipo amalumikizana wina ndi mnzake akagundana.

4. Kugundana pakati pa mamolekyulu kapena pakati pa mamolekyulu ndi makoma a chidebecho ndi kugundana kolimba kwambiri ndipo kugundana kulikonse kumachitika nthawi yochepa kwambiri.

Pa kugundana kosalala bwino, lamulo losunga mphamvu limagwira ntchito (mphamvu isanagwere = mphamvu pambuyo pa kugundana) ndi lamulo losunga mphamvu (mphamvu isanagwere = mphamvu pambuyo pa kugundana).

Kubwereza kwa Impulse-Collision kwa Chiphunzitso cha Kinetic cha Mpweya

Unikani ubale wochuluka pakati pa kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa macroscopic ndi microscopic. Kuchuluka komwe kumafotokoza za mphamvu zazikulu za mpweya ndi kutentha (T), voliyumu (V), ndi kuthamanga (P). Pakadali pano, kuchuluka komwe kumafotokoza za mphamvu zazing'ono za mpweya ndi liwiro kapena liwiro (v), mphamvu (p), mphamvu (F), ndi mphamvu ya kinetic (EK) ya maatomu kapena mamolekyu omwe amapanga mpweya.

Kuti tithandize kupeza ubale umenewu, tiyeni tiganizire za mamolekyu angapo a mpweya mu chidebe chotsekedwa. Utali wa m'mbali mwa bokosi ndi l ndipo malo ake opingasa ndi A.

Mamolekyulu ali ndi kulemera (m) ndipo akamayenda amakhala ndi liwiro (v). Chifukwa chakuti chidebecho chimatsekedwa, pali kuthekera kwa kugundana pakati pa mamolekyulu ndi makoma a chidebecho omwe ali ndi malo A pamwamba.

Kuti tipeze kusanthula kosavuta, timangoganizira za kugundana komwe kumachitika pakhoma lakumanzere (khoma lofanana ndi z-axis). Choyamba tiyeni tiganizire za kugundana komwe kumachitika ndi molekyulu imodzi. Tiyeni tiyitche molekyulu 1. Kulemera kwake ndi m1 _ndipo liwiro lake ndi v1 _. Njira yoyendetsera kumanzere imayikidwa ku negative, pomwe njira yoyendetsera kumanja imayikidwa ku positive.

Titha kuganiza kuti tisanagunde khoma la chidebecho, kayendedwe ka molekyulu kamakhala kofanana ndi mzere wa x ndipo njira yake yoyendera ili kumanzere. Chifukwa chake, pali gawo la liwiro pa mzere wa x lomwe lili ndi mtengo woyipa (‐v)._1x Chifukwa ili ndi kulemera (m₁) ndi liwiro (-v_1x), ndiye kuti molekyulu imakhala ndi mphamvu (p₁ = ‐m₁ v_1x). Iyi ndi mphamvu yoyamba. Pamene molekyulu igunda khoma, imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yochitapo kanthu pakhoma. Chifukwa pali mphamvu yochitapo kanthu, khoma limagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yochitapo kanthu. Mphamvu yochitapo kanthu kuchokera pakhoma imapangitsa molekyulu kugwedezeka kumanja. Chifukwa chakuti kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kali kumanja, gawo la liwiro la molekyulu ndi labwino (v)._1xMphamvu ya molekyulu pambuyo pa kugundana ndi: p₂ = m₁ v_1xIyi ndi nthawi yomaliza.

Kuchuluka kwa kusintha kwa mphamvu chifukwa cha kugundana ndi:

Mphamvu yonse = mphamvu yomaliza - mphamvu yoyamba

p yonse = p ₂ – p ₁

p yonse = m ₁ v _1x ‐ (‐m ₁ v _1x )

p yonse = 2m ₁ v _1x

2m ₁ v _1x = mphamvu yonse ya kugundana kamodzi. Chifukwa kugundana kwa mamolekyulu kumakhala kotanuka bwino, kumachitika osati kamodzi kokha koma mobwerezabwereza. Mu kugundana kotanuka bwino, malamulo osungira mphamvu ndi lamulo losunga mphamvu amagwira ntchito. Mphamvu ndi mphamvu isanayambe kugundana = mphamvu ndi mphamvu itatha kugundana. Chifukwa chake, mamolekyu sadzasiya kuyenda (mphamvu imasungidwa). Liwiro la mamolekyulu silimachepanso (mphamvu imasungidwa).

Pambuyo pogundana ndi khoma lamanzere, molekyuluyo imapita kumanja mpaka itagundana ndi khoma lamanja. Pambuyo pogundana ndi khoma lamanja, molekyuluyo imabwerera kumanzere kuti ikagundanenso ndi khoma lamanzere. Popeza kutalika kwa mbali ya bokosi = l, kenako ikagundana ndi khoma lamanzere koyamba, molekyuluyo idzayenda mtunda wa 2l isanagundane ndi khoma lamanzere kachiwiri (2l = mtunda wozungulira). Posuntha mtunda wa 2l, molekyuluyo idzafunika nthawi inayake (tiyeni tiyitane delta t). Kuchuluka kwa nthawi (delta t) komwe kumafunika kuti molekyuluyo isunthe mtunda wa 2l, kumalembedwa motere:

Delta t ndi nthawi yomwe imatenga pakati pa kugundana kulikonse. Pamene molekyulu igunda khoma, imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yochitapo kanthu pakhoma. Chifukwa imalandira mphamvu yochitapo kanthu, khoma limagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yochitapo kanthu. Kukhalapo kwa mphamvu yochitapo kanthu kumeneku kumapangitsa molekyulu kusunthanso kumanja. Pankhaniyi, njira yoyendetsera kayendedwe ka molekyulu imasintha. Poyamba, molekyulu imasunthira kumanzere (-v _1x ), ikagunda khoma, molekyulu imasunthira kumanja (v _1x ). Kusintha kwa njira yoyendetsera kumayambitsa kusintha kwa mphamvu (final momentum - initial momentum = m1 v1x - (-m1 v1x) = 2m1 v1x). Tikhoza kunena kuti kusintha kwa mphamvu kumachitika chifukwa cha mphamvu yonse yomwe khoma limagwiritsa ntchito. Kukula kwa mphamvu yonse yomwe khoma limagwiritsa ntchito, mwa masamu:

Bokosi lomwe lili pamwambapa likuwonetsa molekyulu imodzi yokha. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti pali molekyulu imodzi yokha ya mpweya m'bokosi. M'malo mwake, pali mamolekyulu ambiri a mpweya. Kukula kwa mphamvu yonse pa mamolekyulu onse a mpweya m'bokosi ndi masamu:

F = F1 + F2 + F3 +….. + Fn

F1 = mphamvu yonse ya molekyulu 1

F2 = mphamvu yonse ya molekyulu 2

F3 = mphamvu yonse ya molekyulu 3

…… = ndi zina zotero

Fn = mphamvu yonse ya molekyulu 4

Chiwerengero cha mamolekyulu ndi chachikulu kwambiri, kotero timangolemba chizindikiro n. n = molekyulu yomaliza.

m1 = kulemera kwa molekyulu 1, m2 = kulemera kwa molekyulu 2, m3 = kulemera kwa molekyulu 3, mn = kulemera kwa molekyulu yomaliza. m1 + m2 + m3 + ….. + mn = m (kulemera kwa mpweya m'bokosi). l = kutalika kwa mbali ya bokosi. Mamolekyu onse ayenera kuyenda l yomweyo.

v _12x = liwiro la molekyulu 1, v _{22 x} = liwiro la molekyulu 2, v _{33 x} = liwiro la molekyulu 3, v _{n2 x} = liwiro la molekyulu yomaliza. Liwiro la molekyulu iliyonse ndi losiyana, chifukwa chake tiyenera kuwerengera liwiro lapakati la mamolekyulu onse. Kuti tiwerenge liwiro lapakati la mamolekyulu, titha kugawa liwiro la mamolekyulu onse ndi chiwerengero cha mamolekyulu. Mu chiphunzitso cha kinetic cha mpweya, chiwerengero cha mamolekyulu nthawi zambiri chimapatsidwa chizindikiro N. Mwa masamu, liwiro lapakati la mamolekyulu onse limalembedwa motere:

Mu kufotokozera kwapita, zinkaganiziridwa kuti mamolekyu amayenda motsatira x-axis. Lingaliro ili linapangidwa kuti likhale losavuta kusanthula kokha. M'malo mwake, mamolekyu onse a gasi omwe ali m'bokosi samayenda mbali zonse mwachisawawa. Chifukwa chakuti kuyenda kwawo kumachitika mwachisawawa, kuwonjezera pa kukhala ndi gawo la liwiro lapakati pa x-axis, mamolekyu alinso ndi gawo la liwiro lapakati pa y-axis kapena z-axis. Chifukwa chake, liwiro lapakati la mamolekyu a gasi = chiwerengero chonse cha magawo a liwiro lapakati pa x-axis, y-axis, ndi z-axis. Mwa masamu, zalembedwa motere:

Popeza mamolekyu amayenda mwachisawawa, zigawo za liwiro pa x-axis, y-axis, ndi z-axis zili ndi kukula kofanana. Mwa masamu, izi zalembedwa motere:

F = kukula kwa mphamvu yomwe mamolekyu a mpweya amagwiritsa ntchito pamakoma a chidebe chomwe chili ndi malo A.

Ubale Pakati pa Kupanikizika (P) ndi Kuchuluka kwa Microscopic

Kupanikizika (P) ndi kuchuluka komwe kumasonyeza mphamvu zazikulu za mpweya. Taganizirani mphamvu zochokera ku mphamvu zazing'ono za mpweya. Kukula kwa mphamvu zomwe mamolekyu a mpweya amaika pakhoma lomwe lili ndi gawo lopingasa A ndi:

Zambiri:

P = Kupanikizika

N = Chiwerengero cha mamolekyu a mpweya

m = kulemera

v = Liwiro lapakati la mamolekyulu

V = kuchuluka kwa chidebe