Tanthauzo la mphamvu yamagetsi
Mkati mwa kondakitala monga mkuwa, muli ma elekitironi omwe amayenda momasuka komanso mwachisawawa pa liwiro lalikulu koma satuluka mu chitsulocho. Ma elekitironi omwe amatha kuyenda momasuka amatchedwa ma elekitironi aulere. Ngakhale ma elekitironi amayenda momasuka mbali zonse, palibe kuyenda kwa ma elekitironi mbali iliyonse. Izi zimachitika pamene palibe kusiyana komwe kungachitike pakati pa malekezero awiri a waya wamkuwa.
Pamene waya walumikizidwa ku gwero lamagetsi, kusiyana komwe kungachitike kumachitika pakati pa malekezero awiri a waya wamkuwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale gawo lamagetsi mu waya wamkuwa. Kupezeka kwa gawo lamagetsi kumapangitsa kuti ma elekitironi aulere akumane ndi mphamvu yamagetsi F = q E = e E, pomwe F = mphamvu yamagetsi, e = mphamvu yamagetsi, E = gawo lamagetsi . Mphamvu yamagetsi imapangitsa kuti ma elekitironi onse oyenda momasuka akumane ndi kuthamanga kofanana mbali imodzi ndi mphamvu yamagetsi.
Ma electron aulere awa, omwe akuyenda limodzi, ali pakati pa ma atomu osasuntha mu waya wamkuwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma electron onse agundane ndi ma atomu awa. Kugundana kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti ma electron aulere asinthe njira yawo yoyendera. Ma electron onsewa nthawi zonse amakumana ndi mphamvu yamagetsi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azithamanga mofanana ndi mphamvu yamagetsi. Pambuyo poyenda kwakanthawi, ma electron aulere amakumananso ndi ma atomu mu waya wamkuwa. Komabe, ma electron aulere nthawi zonse amakumana ndi mphamvu yamagetsi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma electron onse ayambe kuthamanganso.
Choncho, kuwonjezera pa kuyenda mwachisawawa mbali zosiyanasiyana, ma elekitironi onse omasuka amayendanso pang'onopang'ono mbali ya mphamvu yamagetsi komanso mbali ina ya mphamvu yamagetsi. Njira ya mphamvu yamagetsi imachokera ku mphamvu yamagetsi yayikulu kupita ku mphamvu yamagetsi yochepa, pomwe ma elekitironi amayenda kuchokera ku mphamvu yamagetsi yochepa kupita ku mphamvu yamagetsi yayikulu. Kuyenda mwachisawawa kwa elekitironi iliyonse yaulere kumakhala ndi liwiro lachangu kwambiri, pomwe kuyenda kwa ma elekitironi omasuka mbali ya mphamvu yamagetsi kumakhala ndi liwiro lochepa kwambiri. Kuyenda kwa ma elekitironi omasuka mbali ya mphamvu yamagetsi kumatchedwanso liwiro la drift.
Mphamvu yamagetsi imatanthauzidwa ngati kuyenda kwa mphamvu yamagetsi kudzera mu gawo lodutsa la kondakitala pa nthawi inayake. Malinga ndi mwambo, njira ya mphamvu yamagetsi ndi yofanana ndi njira yoyendera mphamvu yamagetsi. Mgwirizanowu unapangidwa asanadziwike kuti chomwe chimayenda mu kondakitala ndi ma electron opanda mphamvu, omwe ali ndi mphamvu yoipa. Njira yoyendera ma electron mu kondakitala ndi yosiyana ndi njira ya mphamvu yamagetsi. Chifukwa chake, pokambirana za mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe ikuyenda mu kondakitala, tanthauzo lake ndi kuyenda kwa mphamvu yamagetsi, komwe kumadziwikanso kuti mphamvu yamagetsi yachikhalidwe chifukwa ndi zotsatira za mgwirizanowu.
Fomula yamagetsi yamagetsi
Mwa masamu, mphamvu yamagetsi imafotokozedwa ndi equation:
I = ΔQ / Δt
Kufotokozera kwa fomula: I = magetsi, ΔQ = kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yamagetsi, Δt = nthawi yopuma.
Gawo la magetsi amagetsi
Gawo la mphamvu yamagetsi ndi Coulomb, gawo la nthawi ndi lachiwiri, kotero gawo la mphamvu yamagetsi ndi Coulomb/sekondi. Coulomb/sekondi imatchedwanso Ampere , yotchulidwa ndi katswiri wa sayansi ya zaku France, Andre Marie Ampere (1775-1836). 1 Ampere = 1 Coulomb / sekondi (1 A = 1 C / s). Mwanjira ina, mphamvu yamagetsi ya Ampere imodzi ndi yofanana ndi mphamvu yamagetsi ya Coulomb imodzi yodutsa m'dera la waya kwa sekondi imodzi. Kupatula kufotokozedwa mu Ampere, mphamvu yamagetsi imafotokozedwanso mu milliamperes (1 mA = 10 -3 A), microamperes (1 μA = 10 -6 A), nanoamperes (1 nA = 10 -9 A) kapena picoamperes (1 pA = 10 -12 A).
Chitsanzo cha funso 1:
Mphamvu ya ma Ampere awiri imayenda kudzera mu waya kwa masekondi 8. Dziwani kukula kwa mphamvu yomwe ikudutsa mu mfundo ndi kuchuluka kwa ma elekitironi omwe ali mu mphamvuyo!
Zokambirana
Amadziwika kuti:
Mphamvu yamagetsi (I) = 1 Ampere
Nthawi yopuma (t) = masekondi 2
Anafunsa kuti: mphamvu (Q) ndi chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi (e)
Yankho:
Fomula yamagetsi:
Ine = Q/t
Kufotokozera kwa fomula: I = magetsi, Q = mphamvu yamagetsi, t = nthawi yopuma
Chaji yamagetsi:
Q = I t = (2 Ampere)(masekondi 8) = 16 Coulombs.
Mphamvu ya elekitironi imodzi ndi 1,6 x 10 -19 Coulombs kotero mphamvu ya Coulombs 16 ili ndi ma elekitironi ambiri monga 16 C / 1,6 x 10 -19 Coulombs = 10 x 10 19 ma elekitironi.
Mphamvu yamagetsi, liwiro la kusuntha ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yamagetsi
Taganizirani za chaji yabwino yomwe ikupita kumanja ndi liwiro la kusuntha v molunjika ku gawo lamagetsi E mu kondakitala yokhala ndi gawo lopingasa A. Chaji yabwino imasuntha mtunda s = vt panthawi ya t.
Ngati chiwerengero cha tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayatsidwa pa voliyumu iliyonse (kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayatsidwa) ndi n ndipo voliyumu ya kondakitala ndi A s = A vt, ndiye kuti chiwerengero cha tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayatsidwa mu voliyumu ya kondakitala ndi n A v t. Ngati tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayatsidwa tili ndi mphamvu ya q ndiye kuti kuchuluka kwa mphamvu komwe kumadutsa kumapeto kwa kondakitala panthawi yomwe t ndi Q = nq A v t. Chifukwa chake mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe ikuyenda kumapeto kwa kondakitala ndi I = Q/t = nq A v. Pomwe kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yamagetsi kapena mphamvu yamagetsi pa dera lililonse A ndi J = I/A = nq v. Titha kunena kuti mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe ikuyenda mu kondakitala ndi chifukwa cha kuchulukitsa kwa mphamvu ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayatsidwa (n), kukula kwa mphamvu ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono (q), dera lozungulira la kondakitala (A) ndi liwiro la kuthamanga kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayatsidwa (v).
Phunzirani chitsanzo chotsatirachi kuti mumvetse kusiyana pakati pa liwiro la tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayatsidwa ndi liwiro la kusuntha kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayatsidwa.
Chitsanzo cha funso 2:
Mphamvu yokhazikika ya ma Ampere 10 imayenda mu waya wamkuwa wokhala ndi malo opingasa a 3 x 10-6 m2Kuchuluka kwa ma elekitironi aulere ndi 8,4 x 1028 ma elekitironi/m3Dziwani liwiro la ma elekitironi aulere!
Zokambirana
Amadziwika kuti:
Mphamvu yamagetsi (I) = 10 Ampere
Malo ozungulira waya (A) = 3 x 10-6 m2
Kuchuluka kwa ma electron kwaulere (n) = 8,4 x 1028 m-3
Mphamvu ya ma elekitironi (q) = 1,6 x 10-19 C
Anafunsa kuti: Liwiro la kusuntha kwa ma elekitironi kwaulere (v)
Yankho:
Liwiro la ma elekitironi limawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yomwe idachokera kale:
Kufotokozera: I = magetsi, n = kuchuluka kwa tinthu tomwe timayendetsedwa = kuchuluka kwa ma elekitironi aulere, q = mphamvu ya elekitironi imodzi, A = dera lodutsa la woyendetsa, v = liwiro la kusuntha kwa elekitironi
Liwiro la kusuntha kwa ma elekitironi ndi 0,248 x 10 -3 mamita/sekondi = 0,248 mamilimita/sekondi.
Ma electron omasuka amayenda pamodzi mu waya pa liwiro la mamilimita 0,248 pa sekondi. Mwanjira ina, ma electron onse omasuka amayenda mamilimita 0,248 pa sekondi iliyonse. Ili ndi liwiro lochepa kwambiri. Ngati kuyenda kwa ma electron omasuka kuli pang'onopang'ono chonchi, n'chifukwa chiyani nyali yamagetsi imayatsidwa nthawi yomweyo switch ikayatsidwa?
Kuti mumvetse izi, ganizirani kayendedwe ka ma elekitironi mu kondakitala monga kayendedwe ka madzi mu payipi. Ngati payipi yadzazidwa ndi madzi, ndiye kuti ngati mbali imodzi ya payipi yalumikizidwa ku pompo, madzi amatuluka nthawi yomweyo kuchokera mbali inayo. Mofananamo, pali ma elekitironi aulere mu waya wamkuwa ndi waya wa babu. Chosinthira chikayatsidwa, mphamvu yamagetsi imapangidwa ndi liwiro loyandikira liwiro la kuwala (liwiro la kuwala = 3 x 108 mita / sekondi), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma elekitironi aulere ayambe kuyenda limodzi nthawi yomweyo. Pali kale ma elekitironi aulere mu waya wa babu, kotero babu imayatsidwa nthawi yomweyo.
