Zamagetsi Zolipiritsa
Chonde yang'anani chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe zikukuzungulirani. Ngati muwononga chinthu, mwachitsanzo mwala, mwalawo udzagawanika m'zidutswa zingapo zazing'ono. Ngati mwalawo waphwanyidwanso, mwalawo udzasanduka zidutswa zazing'ono kwambiri. Nanga bwanji ngati zidutswa za miyalazo zaphwanyidwanso? Inde, zidutswa za miyalazo zaphwanyidwa ndi kusanduka zidutswa zazing'ono kwambiri. Kodi miyala ingagawidwe m'zidutswa zazing'ono kwambiri mpaka itakhala yopanda malire? Zoona zake zikusonyeza kuti chinthu chilichonse chomwe chingagawidwe m'zidutswa zazing'ono chidzafika pamalo pomwe gawo laling'ono kwambiri la chinthucho silingagawidwe m'zidutswa zazing'ono. Gawo laling'ono kwambiri la chinthu chomwe sichingagawidwenso limatchedwa atomu. Chifukwa chake atomu ndi gawo laling'ono kwambiri la chinthu chilichonse m'chilengedwe chonse.
Kuchaja kwa Magetsi mu Maatomu
Maatomu amapangidwa ndi ma elekitironi, ma protoni, ndi ma neutroni. Ma protoni ndi ma neutroni amapanga nyukiliyasi ya atomiki, yomwe imalemera pafupifupi mamita 10-15 . Ma elekitironi amapezeka kunja kwa nyukiliyasi ndipo amazungulira ngati mapulaneti omwe amazungulira dzuwa. Poganiza kuti kukula kwa atomu ndi makilomita angapo, nyukiliyasiyo ndi yayikulu ngati mpira wa biliyadi, ndipo ma elekitironi ali mkati mwa nyukiliyasi, kufika patali pafupifupi mamita 10-10 . Pakati pa nyukiliyasi ndi elekitironi pali malo opanda kanthu.
Ma electron omwe ali ndi mphamvu yoipa amapezeka m'mphepete mwa atomu, ndipo ma proton omwe ali ndi mphamvu yoipa amapezeka mu nyukiliyasi. Kuti ma electron azitha kuzungulira nyukiliyasiyo osatuluka mu atomu, nyukiliyasi yomwe ili ndi mphamvu yoipa iyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yokoka pa ma electron. Mphamvu imeneyi, yomwe imasunga ma electron kuzungulira nyukiliyasiyo ndikuletsa kuti asatuluke, imatchedwa mphamvu yamagetsi.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mkati mwa nyukiliyasi ya atomu muli ma protoni okhala ndi mphamvu zabwino, kotero mwachibadwa amatsutsana chifukwa ali ndi mphamvu yomweyo. Kuti ma protoni azikhala pamodzi mu nyukiliyasi ya atomu ndikuletsa kuti asapatukane ndi atomu, mphamvu iyenera kuwagwirizanitsa. Mphamvu yomwe imagwirizira ma protoni pamodzi mu nyukiliyasi ya atomu imatchedwa mphamvu ya nyukiliya.
Kulemera kwa pulotoni kuli pafupifupi kofanana ndi kulemera kwa neutron. Pafupifupi 99,9% ya kulemera kwa atomu kumakhala mu nyukiliyasi, pomwe ma elekitironi ali ndi kulemera kochepa kwambiri. Kulemera kwa electron (me ) = 9,1093897 x 10 -31 kg, kulemera kwa neutron (m n ) = 1,6749286 x 10 -27 kg, ndi kulemera kwa pulotoni (m p ) = 1,6726231 x 10 -27 kg.
Kuchuluka kwa Mphamvu yamagetsi
Ma electron ali ndi mphamvu yoipa, ma proton ali ndi mphamvu yoipa, ndipo ma neutroni alibe mphamvu yogwiritsa ntchito magetsi. Ma proton ndi ma neutroni omwe amapanga atomu ya atomiki amapangidwa ndi ma quark, omwe ali ndi mphamvu pafupifupi 1/3 ndipo pafupifupi nthawi 2/3 kuposa ma electron. Ma Quark ndi tinthu tating'ono kwambiri tomwe timapanga ma atomu, koma mpaka pano, ma quark sanapezeke kuti alipo okha ngati tinthu tating'onoting'ono.
Kukula kwa electron charge kapena proton charge ndiye gawo loyambira la charge. Kukula kwa charge yamagetsi ya chinthu ndi multiple ya electron charge kapena proton charge. Izi zimatchedwa quantized charge . Mwachitsanzo, ngati ndalama yaying'ono kwambiri yomwe timagwiritsa ntchito ndi 100 rupiah, ndiye kuti ndalama zomwe munthu ali nazo zimafotokozedwa m'ma multiple a ndalama yaying'ono kwambiri, yomwe ndi 100 rupiah. Mwachitsanzo, ndalama zanga ndi 100.000 ndipo 100.000 iyi ikhoza kugawidwa ndi 100. Zingakhale zachilendo ngati ndalama zanga zinali 100.002 chifukwa palibe 2 rupiah. Momwemonso, kuchuluka kwa charge ya chinthu. Kuchuluka kwa charge ya electron ndi -e ndipo kuchuluka kwa charge ya proton ndi +e. Kuchuluka kwa charge ya chinthu ndi multiple ya e kapena 1,60 x 10 -19 Coulomb ndipo kumatha kufotokozedwa kudzera mu Q = ±Ne. Q = kuchuluka kwa ndalama, ± ikuyimira mtundu wa ndalama, N = nambala yonse, e = 1,60 x 10 -19 Coulomb.
Kuchaja kwa Magetsi mu Zinthu
Ngati atomu ili ndi ma elekitironi ofanana ndi ma protoni, ndiye kuti mphamvu yonse yamagetsi mu atomu ndi zero, ndipo atomuyo ndi yopanda mphamvu, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ilibe mphamvu yamagetsi. Chiwerengero cha ma protoni kapena ma elekitironi mu atomu yopanda mphamvu chimatchedwa nambala ya atomiki (Z) . Ngati pali ma elekitironi ambiri kuposa ma protoni, atomuyo imakhala ndi mphamvu yoipa. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ngati pali ma elekitironi ochepa kuposa ma protoni, atomuyo imakhala ndi mphamvu yoipa. Ma atomu omwe ali ndi mphamvu yoipa amatchedwa ma ayoni oipa , pomwe ma atomu omwe ali ndi mphamvu yoipa amatchedwa ma ayoni abwino . Njira yoyamwitsa kapena kutulutsa ma elekitironi kuchokera ku atomu imatchedwa ionization . Tikanena kuti atomu yapatsidwa mphamvu, timatanthauza mphamvu yonse kapena mphamvu yonse. Mwachitsanzo, atomu ili ndi ma elekitironi 10 ndi ma protoni 7. Atomuyi imakhala ndi mphamvu yoipa chifukwa ili ndi ma elekitironi atatu ochulukirapo omwe ali ndi mphamvu yoipa. Chifukwa chake mphamvu yonse ya atomuyi ndi 3, ndipo mtundu wa mphamvu ya atomu ndi yoipa. Manambala 3, 7, 10 ndi zitsanzo chabe kuti zikhale zosavuta kumvetsetsa. Ndipotu, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yamagetsi ya chinthu ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya electron kapena proton.
Ngati chinthu chili ndi ma elekitironi ambiri ngati ma protoni, ndiye kuti chinthucho chili ndi mphamvu yofanana ndi ma protoni kapena chilibe mphamvu yofanana ndi magetsi. Ngati chinthu chili ndi ma elekitironi ambiri kuposa ma protoni ndiye kuti chinthucho chili ndi mphamvu yofanana ndi magetsi, mosiyana ngati chinthu chili ndi ma elekitironi ochepa kuposa ma protoni ndiye kuti chinthucho chili ndi mphamvu yofanana ndi magetsi. Chinthu chomwe poyamba chinali ndi mphamvu yofanana ndi magetsi chingapangidwe kuti chikhale ndi mphamvu yofanana ndi magetsi powonjezera ma elekitironi ku chinthucho, pomwe chinthucho chingapangidwe kuti chikhale ndi mphamvu yofanana ndi magetsi pochepetsa ma elekitironi omwe ali mu chinthucho.
