Te Hiranga o ngā Pakanga Tapu mō te Whakawhanaketanga o Ūropi
Ko ngā Pakanga Tapu, he raupapa o ngā haerenga hōia mai i te rautau 11 ki te 13 i mahia e ngā Karaitiana Pākehā i aro atu ki te whakahoki mai i te Whenua Tapu mai i ngā Mahometa, kei roto i ngā wāhanga tino hirahira o te hītori o te ao Hauāuru me te ao Rawhiti. Ahakoa e kitea ana ngā Pakanga Tapu mā te tirohanga pakanga me te tutu, kāore e taea te whakakorekore i tō rātou taonga nui ki te whanaketanga o Ūropi. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga te awe o ngā Pakanga Tapu ki te ōhanga, te ahurea, te tōrangapū, me te hangarau o Ūropi i taua wā me te heke mai.
Te Papamuri Hītori o ngā Pakanga Tapu
I tīmata te pakanga i te wā i rapu āwhina ai te Emepaea Byzantine, i raro i te pēhanga a ngā Muslim Seljuk Turkishs, i a Pāpa Urban II. I te Kaunihera o Clermont i te tau 1095, i karanga te Pāpa Urban II i ngā Karaitiana Pākehā kia uru atu ki tētahi "pakanga tapu" hei whakahoki mai i a Hiruharama. Nō reira i tīmata ai te mea e mōhiotia nei ko te Pakanga Tuatahi (1096–1099), ā, i whai ake ko tētahi atu raupapa pakanga hōia i haere tonu mō ngā rautau maha.
Pānga Ōhanga
I taua wā, i tino tautokona te ōhanga o Ūropi e ngā Pakanga Tapu. Tuatahi, i hangaia he mākete hou mō ngā kaihokohoko Ūropi. Nā te whakatuwheratanga o ngā ara hokohoko hou e hono ana i a Ūropi ki te Rawhiti o Waenganui me te hokohoko tika ki ngā tāone pēnei i a Acre me ngā tauranga o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, i puta ai he rerenga hou o ngā taonga ki Ūropi. Ko ngā mea kakara, te hiraka, me ētahi atu taonga papai i kawea mai e ngā Pakanga Tapu i muri mai ka noho hei wāhanga nui o te ōhanga Ūropi.
Tuarua, nā te pakanga i akiaki te whanaketanga o ngā umanga peeke me ngā umanga pūtea i Ūropi. I hiahiatia e ngā hōia me ngā kaiwhai pakanga he moni nui mō ā rātou haerenga, ā, nā tēnei i puta ai he pūnaha nama uaua ake. Ko ētahi o ngā peeke me ngā umanga pūtea tuatahi, pērā i ngā Templar, i whai wāhi ki te whakarato pūtea mō ēnei haerenga.
Te Huringa Hapori me te Ahurea
Ko tētahi āhuatanga nui o ngā Pakanga Tapu ko tōna pānga ki te hapori me te ahurea o Ūropi. Nā te taunekeneke i waenganui i ngā Kaitautoko me te ahurea Ihirama i whakarei ake i ō rātou mātauranga me te māramatanga. I whakaurua mai e te wā Pakanga Tapu he maha ngā tuhinga me ngā mahi pūtaiao mai i te ao Arapi ki Ūropi, tae atu ki ngā mahi mō te rapunga whakaaro, te pāngarau, te rongoā, me te whetū kua ngaro kē i roto i te reo Latina.
I tīmata ngā tohunga Pākehā ki te ako i ngā tuhinga a ngā kaimātai whakaaro Muhirama pērā i a Averroes rāua ko Avicenna, ā, i whai wāhi ēnei ki te whanaketanga o te whakaaro mātauranga i roto i ngā whare wānanga o Ūropi. Nā tēnei anō hoki i whakaoho te whakaoranga o te ahurea hinengaro i Ūropi e mōhiotia ana ko te Wā Akoranga, ā, i whakatakoto i ngā turanga mō te Renaissance i te rautau i muri mai.
Mō ngā mahi toi me ngā hoahoanga, i whakareihia hoki ngā momo kāhua Gothic me Romanesque o Ūropi ki ngā āhuatanga o te Rawhiti o Waenganui. Ina koa, ka kitea te awe o ngā hoahoanga Ihirama i roto i te hanganga o ngā whare karakia nui me ngā whare karakia nui, e whakaata ana i te ranunga o ngā tikanga me ngā momo kāhua o te Rawhiti me te Hauāuru.
Pānga Tōrangapū
He nui hoki te pānga o ngā Pakanga Tapu ki ngā mahi tōrangapū o Ūropi. Mā te tahuri i te aro o ngā rangatira o Ūropi mai i ngā pakanga ā-roto ki ngā whāinga o waho, i whakaroahia e ngā Pakanga Tapu te maha o ngā pakanga ā-roto i ngoikore ai te Emepaea Tapu o Rōma me ētahi atu rangatiratanga o Ūropi.
I tua atu, ko te tautoko i riro i te Hāhi Katorika i roto i ngā Pakanga Tapu i whakakaha ake i te mana o te Pāpa, ā, i whakakotahi hoki i ngā Karaitiana Pākehā i te aroaro o ngā tūmomo riri o waho. Nā tēnei i kaha ake ai te kotahitanga i waenga i ngā iwi Pākehā, ahakoa he rangitahi noa iho tēnei kotahitanga i ētahi wā.
I tua atu, i rerekē anō hoki ngā mahi tōrangapū koroni i te whakatūnga o ngā Whenua Pakanga i Levant, pērā i te Kīngitanga o Hiruharama me te Rohe o Tripoli. Ahakoa te poto o tō rātou noho, i whakaratohia e rātou he māramatanga ki ngā mahi whakahaere me ngā mahi tōrangapū i muri mai ka whakamahia e ngā kīngitanga o Ūropi i roto i tō rātou whakawhānui ki ngā rohe hou.
Auahatanga me te Hangarau
I whakamahia anō hoki ngā Pakanga Tapu hei whakakorikori i te auahatanga hangarau i Ūropi. I whakamahia, ā, i whakawhanakehia anō hoki te whakamahinga o ngā mīhini whakapae, pērā i ngā trebuchet me ngā ballistae, tae atu ki ngā tikanga hōia mai i te Middle East. I kawea mai anō hoki e ngā Crusaders te mōhiotanga ki ngā hangarau ahuwhenua matatau ake, ā, i puta ai ngā panoni ki ngā tikanga ahuwhenua puta noa i Ūropi.
Hei tāpiritanga, i ako ngā Crusaders i ngā tikanga whakarewa me te hanga patu mai i te ao Muhirama matatau ake i taua wā. Ko te whanaketanga o te rino me te maitai, me ngā whakapainga o te kounga o ngā pukupuku me ngā patu, ko ētahi o ngā hua tika o tēnei taunekeneke.
Ngā Whakapono
Kāore e taea te wareware he pānga nui anō hoki ngā Pakanga Tapu ki te whakapono. Nā te kaha o te whakapono i tautokona e ngā Pakanga Tapu i hanga he āhuarangi e pai ana mō te whanaketanga o ngā ope taua whakapono pērā i ngā Templar, Hospitaller, me Teuton. Nā tēnei i āwhina te whakatinana me te whakarite i ngā ope taua i raro i ngā tikanga whakapono, ā, i whakatakoto i te turanga mō te whanaketanga o ngā ope taua hou i Ūropi.
Whakamutunga
Ahakoa e maumaharatia ana ngā Pakanga Tapu hei wā o te pakanga toto me te raupatu, he mea nui kia mōhiotia i puta mai hoki i ēnei pakanga he raupapa whanaketanga nui i roto i te hītori o Ūropi. Mai i te whānui haere o te hokohoko me te whanaketanga ōhanga, ki te tipu hinengaro me te ahurea, ki te auahatanga hangarau me te hōia, ki te whakakotahitanga tōrangapū me te whakapono, i horapa te pānga o ngā Pakanga Tapu ki ngā āhuatanga katoa o te oranga o Ūropi i taua wā.
Hei whakamutunga, ka taea te kī ko ngā Pakanga Tapu i whakatakoto i te turanga mō te wā o te ahunga whakamua o Ūropi e mōhiotia ana ko te Renaissance me te Scientific Revolution. Ko te taonga tuku iho o ēnei pakanga, ahakoa pai, ahakoa kino, kei te awe tonu i te ao Ūropi tae noa mai ki tēnei rā, ā, he maha ngā akoranga whai hua e tukuna ana mō ngā whakatipuranga o muri mai hei mārama ki ngā uauatanga o te taunekeneke ahurea me te whakapono.
