Te Hiranga o ngā Pakanga Punic i roto i te Hītori o Roma
Ko ngā Pakanga Punic he raupapa pakanga nui i waenganui i te Rīpāpia o Rōmana me te Rīpāpia i puta i te rautau 3 ki te 2 BC. Ka karangatia ēnei ko "Punic" nā te mea i ahu mai i te kupu Latina ko Poeni, te kupu Rōmana mō ngā Phoenician—ngā pakiaka iwi me ngā pakiaka ahurea o te Rīpāpia. Ehara i te mea ko ngā pakanga rohe anake i te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa ngā pakanga nui e toru (ngā Pakanga Punic I, II, me te III), engari ko ngā huringa i huri ai a Rōma mai i te mana rohe o Itari ki te emepaea o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa. Ko te mārama ki te hiranga o ngā Pakanga Punic ko te mārama ki te āhua o te whakatūnga a Rōma i te mana hōia, te mana ōhanga, me te mana tōrangapū, me te aro atu ki ngā hua pāpori ka wiri i te rīpāpia tonu.
Papamuri: e rua ngā kaha e tukinga tonu ana
I te tīmatanga o te rautau 3 BC, kua riro i a Rōma te nuinga o Itari. Engari, ko Carthage te mana hokohoko nui rawa atu i te taha hauauru o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, me tana whatunga koroni me ngā tauranga nui i Āwherika ki te Raki, i Sicily, i Sardinia, me Pāniora. Kāore i taea te karo i te pakanga i waenganui i a rāua, nā te mea he pānga ō rāua ki ngā whenua kotahi, inā koa ko Sicily—he moutere rautaki i mahi hei "piriti" i waenganui i a Itari me Āwherika, hei pokapū hoki mō te hokohoko witi me ngā huarahi moana.
Ara, ehara ngā Pakanga o Punic i te pakanga tūpono noa, engari he pakanga i waenganui i ngā tauira mana e rua: ko Rōma, i tino pai ki te whakarite whenua me te whakaohooho i ngā tāngata, ki a Carthage, i tino pai ki ngā ope taua moana, ki te moni, me ngā whatunga hokohoko.
Te Pakanga Tuatahi o Punic (264–241 BC): Ka ako a Roma kia noho hei mana whakahaere moana
I tīmata te Pakanga Tuatahi o Punic i te pakanga mō te mana i Sicily. I te tīmatanga, he iti noa te wheako o Rōma ki te pakanga moana. Heoi, i whakaatuhia e tēnei pakanga tētahi o ngā āhuatanga matua o Rōma: te urutau ā-pūnaha. I hangaia e Rōma tētahi kaipuke nui i roto i te wā poto, ā, i whakawhanakehia e ia ngā rautaki auaha pērā i te corvus, he piriti whakaeke e taea ai e ngā hōia te whawhai i runga i ngā kaipuke hoariri me te mea kei uta.
He mea nui te mutunga whakamutunga: i hinga a Carthage, ā, i tukua a Sicily ki a Rōma. Nō muri mai ka noho a Sicily hei kawanatanga tuatahi mō Rōma i waho o Itari. He wā nui tēnei—ehara a Rōma i te mea he whakakotahitanga Itari noa iho, engari he mana emepaea e tīmata ana ki te whakahaere i ngā rohe i raupatutia. I tua atu, nā tēnei wikitoria i whakatakoto te ara mō te raupatu a Rōma i a Sardinia me Corsica, me te whakawhānui ake i tōna mana whakahaere moana me ngā rauemi.
I puta mai anō hoki i tēnei pakanga tētahi āhuatanga hou: he nui te pūtea, ngā taonga, me te tari whakahaere i hiahiatia mō ngā pakanga tawhiti. Koinei te wāhi i whanake ai ngā mīhini kāwanatanga o Rōma, hei whakatakoto i te turanga mō te whānui haere o te ao ā muri ake nei.
Te Pakanga Tuarua o Punic (218–201 BC): he whakamātautau oranga me te whānautanga o te mana whakahaere o Rōmana
Mena nā te Pakanga Tuatahi o Punic i whakatū a Rōma hei mana moana, nā te Pakanga Tuarua o Punic i whakamātautau tōna oranga hei iwi. Ko Hannibal Barca te tino mōhiotia o tēnei pakanga, te hēnerara o Carthage i whakahaere i tētahi o ngā mahi hōia tino maia o te hītori: te whiti i ngā Maunga Ārepa me te whakaeke i Itari mai i te raki, me te kawe mai i tētahi ope taua maha-iwi me ngā arewhana pakanga.
Nā ngā wikitoria maha a Hannibal—inā koa i Trebia, i te roto o Trasimene, me Cannae (216 BC)—i tata ai a Rōma ki te hinga. E kitea ana a Cannae hei tētahi o ngā hinganga tino whakamate i roto i te hītori hōia, me ngā tekau mano o ngā hōia Rōmana i mate i te pakanga kotahi. Heoi, i whakakitea e tēnei raruraru te hiranga o te Pakanga Tuarua o Punic: i whakakahore a Rōma ki te tuku. I whakaemihia e te Republican ngā rauemi tangata nui, i whakarerekē i te rautaki, ā, i whakaatu i te manawanui tōrangapū whakamiharo.
I te mutunga ka whanake te rautaki a Rōmana hei huarahi "kia karo i ngā pakanga nui" i Itari, me te whakararuraru i ngā whatunga o Carthage i ētahi atu wāhi. I Pāniora, i whakaekea e Rōma te turanga ōhanga o Carthage. I Āwherika, i kawea mai e Publius Cornelius Scipio (nō muri mai ko Africanus) te pakanga ki te whenua o Carthage, ā, i akiaki a Hannibal kia hoki ki te kāinga. He mea whakatau te Pakanga o Zama (202 BC): i hinga a Carthage, ā, ko Rōma te mana matua i te taha hauauru o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa.
He hohonu ngā pānga ā-ao tōrangapū. Nā te hinganga o Carthage i kore ai he hoa whawhai o Rōma ki te hauauru. I taua wā, he nui ake te mana o Rōma ki te neke ki te rawhiti, me te whakauru atu ki ngā pakanga ki ngā kingitanga Hellenistic pērā i a Makeronia me Seleukia. Arā, nā te wikitoria i a Carthage i huaki te tatau ki te mana o Rōma ki te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa katoa.
Te Pakanga Tuatoru o Punic (149–146 BC): te mutunga o Carthage me te tohu tōrangapū o Rōma
Ko te Pakanga Tuatoru o ngā Puni e kiia ana ko te "kore taurite" rawa atu. Nā te ngoikore o ngā āhuatanga kino o te Pakanga Tuarua o ngā Puni, i hoki anō a Carthage ki te whāinga o te manukanuka me te hiahia nui o Rōma. He āhuatanga ōhanga—kei te ora ake a Carthage hei pokapū hokohoko—me ngā āhuatanga tōrangapū ā-rohe i Rōma, i reira i tautoko ai ētahi rangatira kia whakangaromia katoatia a Carthage. Ko te kupu rongonui "Carthago delenda est" (Me whakangaro a Carthage) e kiia ana nā Cato te Kaumātua, e tohu ana i te whakatau a ētahi o ngā rangatira o Rōma.
I mutu pōuri te pakanga: i whakangaromia a Carthage, i patua, i hereherea rānei ōna tāngata whenua, ā, ko tōna rohe i riro hei kawanatanga Rōmana o Āwherika. I roto i te tohu, i whakaū tēnei i te hiahia o Rōma kia toa anake, engari kia kore hoki e ara ake tētahi hoa whawhai nui ki te mana i te taha hauāuru. I tohu tēnei pakanga i tētahi wāhanga hou i roto i te mana whakahaere o Rōmana—he tutu ake, he whakamutunga ake, ā, he arotahi ake ki te mana tuturu.
Te huringa hōia: mai i ngā rīhiona tangata whenua ki ngā mīhini pakanga emepaea
Nā ngā Pakanga Punic i whakaoho te panonitanga o te ope taua Rōmana. Nā ngā tekau tau o te whakakotahitanga nui i ārahi a Rōma ki te whakawhirinaki ki tētahi pūnaha kimi hōia whānui haere, ki ngā paerewa whakaritenga matatau ake, me te wheako whakahaere ngaio ake. Nā te hiahia ki te tū atu ki a Hannibal i whakaoho anō hoki i te whakaaro rautaki: me pēhea te pupuri i ngā hononga, te whakahaere i te wairua o te iwi, me te whakarite i ngā pakanga maha.
Nā tēnei pakanga i whakatū te tikanga o ngā hēnerara nui i rongonui i tua atu i ngā umanga repupirikana. I noho a Scipio Africanus hei tauira tōmua o tētahi "tangata hōia" i werohia e tōna rongonui ngā taurite tōrangapū tuku iho. Nā tēnei ia i whai wāhi ki te aranga ake o ngā tangata rongonui pērā i a Marius, Sulla, Pompey, me Julius Caesar.
Pānga ōhanga: te taonga, ngā kawanatanga, me te kore taurite
Nā ngā wikitoria o Rōma i hua mai ai ngā taonga pakanga, ngā takoha ā-rohe, me te urunga atu ki te hokohoko. Ko ngā kawanatanga pērā i a Sicily me Āwherika i noho hei kaiwhakarato nui mō te witi, ā, i whakakaha ake ai te tuku kai a Rōma. Heoi, he taha pōuri tō tēnei rerenga mai o te taonga: te pikinga ake o te kore taurite pāpori.
He maha ngā kaimahi whenua Itari iti—te pou tuarā o te ope taua repupirikana—i hinga i te pēhanga mai i ngā pakanga roa, i ngaro ai ō rātou whenua, i nui ai rānei te nama. I taua wā anō, i whakakotahi ngā rangatira whai rawa i ō rātou whenua hei latifundia (ngā whenua nui) e tautokona ana e ngā mahi pononga mai i ngā rohe i raupatutia. Nō reira, i whai wāhi ngā Pakanga Punic ki tētahi raruraru pāpori-ōhanga i roto i Itari i muri mai ka puta ai he pakanga tōrangapū, tae atu ki ngā whakahoutanga Gracchi o te rautau 2 BC.
Pānga tōrangapū me te ahurea: te ara ki te emepaea
I te taha tōrangapū, i puta mai he wero hou i te angitu o te whakawhānui: me pēhea te whakahaere a ngā tāone-republic i ngā rohe whānui, maha-iwi. Ko te pūnaha republican i hangaia tuatahitia mō Rōma me Itari me whakahaere ngā kawanatanga, ngā kāwana, ngā taake, me te whakahaere tawhiti. Nā tēnei i whakanui ake i ngā raruraru o te pirau kawanatanga, te whakataetae i waenga i ngā rangatira, me te pakanga mō te mana whakahaere hōia.
I roto i ngā tikanga ahurea, nā te hononga kaha ki te ao Mediterranean i tere ake ai te whakawhitiwhiti whakaaro, toi, me te mātauranga, inā koa mai i te ao Kariki. I piki haere te rongonui o Rōma, engari i pāngia hoki e te pakanga tuakiri: i waenga i te pupuri i te tikanga matatika tuku iho, me te awhi i te momo noho papai i puta mai i te taonga o te emepaea.
Whakamutunga: Ko ngā Pakanga Punic hei wā hurihanga i roto i te hītori o Rōma
Ko te hiranga o ngā Pakanga Punic i roto i te hītori o Rōma kei roto i tōna rahinga, i whakatau i te ahunga o te whanaketanga o Rōma mō ngā rautau. Nā te Pakanga Punic Tuatahi i whakatū a Rōma hei mana moana me te mana emepaea mā roto i ōna kawanatanga o waho o Itari. Ko te Pakanga Punic Tuarua he whakamātautau oranga i whakatū i te manawanui, te rautaki, me te mana o Rōma i te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa. Nā te Pakanga Punic Tuatoru i whakamutu te whakataetae ki a Carthage, ā, i whakatū he tauira emepaea kaha ake.
Engari i tae mai te wikitoria me te utu: te kore taurite ohaoha, ngā huringa o ngā hanganga pāpori, me te pikinga ake o te tūranga o ngā tino toa hōia i roto i te ao tōrangapū. Nō reira, ehara i te mea he kōrero wikitoria noa iho ngā Pakanga Punic, engari he tukanga i whakarerekē i te Repupirita Rōmana—i whakatakoto i te ara mō te mana nui o te emepaea, i te mea hoki e ruia ana ngā purapura o ngā raruraru ā-roto ka mutu ai te repupirita tonu.
