Te Mea Ngaro o Stonehenge me ngā Ariā mō tōna Hanganga
Ko Stonehenge tētahi o ngā wāhi rongonui o mua o te ao. Kei te taha o Salisbury Plain i Wiltshire, Ingarangi, kua kukume tēnei whakamaharatanga kohatu nui i te hiahia mō ngā rautau. Ahakoa te āhua māmā, kei a Stonehenge tētahi hangarau matatini, he tohu, he hītori roa hoki kua waiho i ngā tohunga whaipara tangata, ngā kaituhi hītori, me te marea whānui ki tētahi pātai matua: me pēhea, ā, he aha hoki i hangaia ai?
He tirohanga poto ki a Stonehenge
He maha ngā momo kōhatu o Stonehenge e whakarite ana i roto i te porowhita me te hanganga rite ki te hū hōiho. Ko ngā kōhatu nui rawa e kiia ana ko te sarsens, he momo onepū mārō e taea te taumaha ki ngā tekau tāne. He kōhatu iti ake anō hoki, e mōhiotia ana ko ngā bluestones, i ahu mai i Wales—tata ki te 200 kiromita mai i te wāhi i tū ai a Stonehenge. Ehara i te mea he wāhanga kotahi noa te hanganga o te whare; i pāngia a Stonehenge e ngā huringa me ngā tāpiritanga i roto i ngā rautau.
E whakaatu ana te tātaitanga waro-rauropi i tīmata ngā mahi i te wāhi i te tau 3000 BC pea, i te wā i hangaia ai he awa porowhita me te parepare oneone. Ko ngā hanganga kōhatu nui e kitea nuitia ana e whakaarohia ana i tāutahia i tētahi wāhanga o muri mai, i te tau 2500 BC pea, ahakoa kāore i puta katoa tēnei tukanga i te wā kotahi. Ko te tikanga he kaupapa roa a Stonehenge e uru ana ki ētahi whakatipuranga.
He aha i waiho ai a Stonehenge hei mea ngaro?
Ko te mea ngaro o Stonehenge i ahu mai i te huinga o ngā āhuatanga: te kore o ngā tuhinga tuhituhi mai i te wā, te rahi o te mahi, me te tawhiti i haria ai ngā kōhatu. Kāore ā mātou "tuhinga kaupapa" o mua e whakamārama ana i te kaupapa me ngā tikanga hanga. Ko ngā mea anake e toe ana ko ngā taunakitanga keri whenua—ngā poka pou, ngā toenga taputapu kōhatu, ngā kongakonga wheua, ngā tohu o te nohoanga, me ngā tauira o te aronga o ngā whare e pā ana ki te nekehanga o te rā.
He maha ngā pātai e tautohetia tonutia ana: He temepara a Stonehenge? He whare tirotiro whetū? He urupā rangatira? He pokapū whakaora? He huinga rānei o ngā mea e toru?
Ariā 1: Ngā Whare Tirotiro Whetu me ngā Maramataka Karakia
Ko tētahi o ngā ariā rongonui ko Stonehenge te tohu whetū o te ao, inā koa mō ngā rā o te marama. Ko te aronga o Stonehenge e tohu ana ki te putanga mai o te rā i te rā raumati me te tōnga i te rā hotoke. Ehara tēnei aronga i te mea tūpono noa: ko ngā hanganga hanga e rite ana ki ngā kaupapa whetū me whai mātakitakitanga auau me te mātauranga tuku iho.
Heoi, he hē te kīanga ko Stonehenge he "whare tirotiro" i te tikanga o ēnei rā. He mahi karakia, he mahi tohu pea tōna, ehara i te mahi pūtaiao. He mea nui te mahi a ngā rā solstice i roto i ngā hapori ahuwhenua, e tohu ana i te huringa o ngā wā, te wā whakato me te wā hauhake, ā, he wā whakanui hoki hei whakakaha i ngā hononga pāpori.
Ariā 2: Ngā Urupā me ngā Whakamaharatanga Tūpuna
E whakaatu ana ngā taunakitanga whaipara tangata i te noho o ngā tanumanga tahu i te taha o Stonehenge, inā koa i tōna tīmatanga. Nā tēnei i ara ake ai te ariā he wāhi tanumanga nui a Stonehenge, mō tētahi tangata rongonui, mō tētahi rōpū rangatira rānei. I roto i ngā tikanga tuku iho maha, he maha ngā wā ka honoa ngā whakamaharatanga nunui ki te whakahonore i ngā tūpuna, ki te whakaū i ngā kereme whenua, ki te whakapakari rānei i te mana o tētahi rangatira.
Mena he hononga tūturu tō Stonehenge ki te tanumanga, ka taea te kī ko ngā kōhatu nunui he "whakamaharatanga" e tohu ana i ngā wāhi tapu—he pokapū wairua he mea nui ki te hapori whānui. Ko te noho mai o ngā ara whakataki me ētahi atu hanganga i te whenua e karapoti ana e whakaū ana i te whakaaro kāore a Stonehenge i tū motuhake engari he wāhanga o tētahi whatunga kawa.
Ariā 3: Ngā Pokapū Whakaora me ngā "Wāhi Hāereere"
Ko tētahi atu ariā whakamere e kī ana ko Stonehenge he wāhi whakaora. I ahu mai tēnei whakaaro i te kitenga o ngā angaanga tangata huri noa i te rohe e whakaatu ana i ngā tohu o te whara, o te mate rānei. I tua atu, i whakaponohia he mana motuhake ngā kōhatu kikorangi o Wales i roto i ngā kōrero tuku iho, ā, i puta ai te whakapae i whiriwhiria ngā kōhatu ehara i te mea nā te mea kei te wātea noa iho, engari nā te mea he tohu, he wairua rānei.
I roto i tēnei anga, tera pea ko Stonehenge tētahi pokapū haerenga tapu. I haereerea e te tangata ngā tawhiti roa ki te whai wāhi ki ngā kawa whakaora, ki te inoi, ki te rapu manaakitanga rānei i ētahi wā o te tau—ina koa ko ngā rā tapu o te tau.
Ariā 4: Ngā Tohu o te Kotahitanga Tōrangapū me ngā Kaupapa Whakakotahi
Tērā anō te whakaaro he kaupapa a Stonehenge e whakaata ana i te kotahitanga pāpori me te tōrangapū. Ko te hanga i tētahi whakamaharatanga o tēnei rahi e hiahiatia ana he mahi tahi, he nui te hunga mahi, he mahi whakahaere, me te kaha ki te whakahaere rauemi. He uaua tēnei ki te whakatutuki ina wehewehea te hapori. Nō reira, e kite ana ētahi kairangahau i a Stonehenge hei tohu whakakotahitanga—he "kaupapa ā-motu" o mua i whakakotahi i ngā rōpū mai i ngā rohe rerekē.
Ko te aroaro o ngā kōhatu kikorangi mai i Wales ka taea te whakamārama hei tohu mō ngā hononga ā-rohe. Ehara i te mea he wero hangarau noa iho te kawe mai i ngā kōhatu mai i tawhiti, engari he kōrero anō hoki: he whatunga whakawhitiwhiti, he mahi tahi, he mana hapori rānei i taea ai te kaupapa.
I pēhea te hanga o Stonehenge? Ngā Ariā Hangarau
Haunga te "he aha," kua ara ake anō hoki ngā ariā maha i te pātai "me pēhea". E 20–30 tāne te taumaha o ngā kōhatu sarsen nui rawa atu, neke atu rānei. Mēnā kāore he mīhini hou, he uaua rawa te neke i aua kōhatu.
1. Te Kawe Kōhatu mā te Whakamahi i ngā Rākau me ngā Paheke Rākau
E ai ki ngā ariā tawhito i nekehia ngā kōhatu mā te whakamahi i ngā poro rakau hei roera, mā te whakamahi rānei i ngā reti i tōia e te tini o te tangata. Tērā pea i whakamakukuhia te mata o te whenua, i pania rānei ki ngā hinu whakahinuhinu taiao kia māmā ake ai te paheke. Ahakoa te āhua māmā, he tika tēnei tikanga nā te mea kāore i hiahiatia he hangarau whakarewa matatau.
2. Ngā Ara Wai me te Kawe i ngā Kōhatu Purū mai i Wales
Mō ngā kōhatu puru, he tata kore e taea te whakamahi i tētahi ara whenua rau kiromita te roa, nō reira i puta ai te whakaaro ki te whakamahi i ngā ara awa me te moana. Ka taea te neke i ngā kōhatu ki runga i ngā waka, i te takutai moana, kātahi ki roto i ngā awa e tata ana ki Salisbury. Ahakoa he mōrearea, he maha ngā wā he pai ake te kawe waka wai mō ngā kawenga taumaha.
Tērā anō te whakapae i kawea mai ētahi o ngā kōhatu e ngā awaawa hukapapa i te Wā Hukapapa, kātahi ka whakamahia. Heoi, he maha ngā kairangahau e whakaaro ana he tautohenga ngā taunakitanga mō tēnei āhuatanga, nā te mea kāore te tohatoha o ngā kōhatu rite e tino tautoko ana i tēnei.
3. Te hiki i ngā kōhatu ki ngā parepare oneone me ngā taura
Hei whakatū i te kōhatu poutū, tera pea i keria he poka hohonu mō te turanga, kātahi ka whakatītahatia ki tōna tūranga mā te whakamahi i ngā taura, ngā rīwhi, me tētahi rōpū kaihoe. Kia tū te kōhatu, ka whakakīia te poka ki te oneone me ngā kōhatu iti hei pumau. Hei whakatakoto i te kōhatu whakarunga (kōhatu whakawhiti) ki runga, tera pea i hangaia he parepare oneone, he arawhata rānei hei piki i te kōhatu, kātahi ka nekehia te kōhatu ki tōna tihi.
He mea whakamīharo, ko ētahi o ngā kōhatu i Stonehenge he hononga e rite ana ki te tikanga whakairo rakau. E whakaatu ana tēnei i te taumata teitei o te māramatanga hangarau—kāore i whakarārangihia noa ngā kōhatu, engari i hangaia he pūnaha hei hono i a rātou.
Ko wai te Kaihanga?
I mua, i honoa a Stonehenge ki te ruānuku a Merlin, ki tētahi iwi nunui rānei. Heoi, e tohu ana ngā rangahau hou i tētahi hapori o te Wā Neolithic o Muri ki te Wā Parahi o Mua i Peretānia. Kāore rātou i te "tūpuna" i roto i te tikanga rongonui; i a rātou te mōhiotanga ki te whenua, ngā tikanga tuku iho uaua, ngā whatunga pāpori whānui, me ngā pūkenga whakahaere kaha.
Ko ngā nohoanga pērā i ngā Taiepa o Durrington e tata ana e kī ana i huihui ngā hapori nui i ia wā. Tērā pea he pokapū whakanui a Stonehenge, engari ko te rohe e karapoti ana i tautoko i ngā mahi pāpori whānui ake—te hakari, ngā huihuinga, te hokohoko, me ngā kawa.
Whakamutunga: He Mea Ngaro Ora
He mea ngaro tonu a Stonehenge, ehara i te mea kāore tātou i te mōhio ki a ia, engari nā te mea he maha ngā kaupapa o te whakamaharatanga puta noa i tōna hanganga me tōna whakamahinga. Tērā pea he wāhi mō ngā kawa o te rā, he wāhi whakanui i ngā hāora, he wāhi tanumanga, he tohu kotahitanga, he pokapū wairua hoki e whakakotahi ana i ngā hapori puta noa i ngā rohe.
Ko te mea e tino miharo ai a Stonehenge ko tōna kaha ki te "kōrero" mō ngā mea o mua me te kore kupu. Ko ngā ariā katoa mō tōna hanganga—ahakoa mō ngā tikanga i whakamahia hei kawe i ngā kōhatu, mō ā rātou kaupapa karakia rānei—he ngana hou ki te mārama ki ngā whakaaro me ngā whakapono o te iwi o mua. Nā te mea kāore anō kia whakatauhia, kei te tono tonu a Stonehenge i ngā rangahau hou, i ngā whakamārama hou, me te miharo mutunga kore.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga kia nui ake te mātauranga (me ngā upoko iti mātauranga me te momo kāhua ōkawa), kia rongonui ake rānei (he kōrero paki me te whakaari), me te tāpiri i tētahi rārangi tohutoro pānui.
