Te tautohetohe mō te kitenga o Amerika e Christopher Columbus
Ina whakahuatia te ingoa o Christopher Columbus, he tokomaha tonu te hunga e hono ana i a ia ki te kitenga o ngā whenua o Amerika. E ai ki te hītori, ko Columbus he kaiwhakatere Itari e rere ana i raro i te haki o Pāniora, ā, e kiia ana i kitea e ia te "Ao Hou" i te tau 1492. Heoi, kei muri i tēnei kōrero toa he maha ngā tautohetohe, mai i ngā whakamaoritanga, ngā tirohanga hītori, tae atu ki te pānga o te kitenga ki te iwi taketake. Ka tirohia e tēnei tuhinga ngā tautohetohe e pā ana ki te tūranga o Columbus i roto i te kitenga o Amerika.
1. Te Kitea, te Noho Whenua rānei?
Ko tētahi o ngā tautohe nui e pā ana ki a Columbus ko te kereme i "kitea" e ia a Amerika. Ki ngā tāngata whenua i noho ki te whenua mō ngā mano tau, i kiia he teka tēnei kereme. He iwi matatau ngā iwi o te iwi Maya, Inca, me te tini ke atu i mua noa atu i te taenga mai o Columbus. Nō reira, mai i te tirohanga a te iwi whenua, kāore a Columbus i kite i ō rātou whenua, engari i whakaekea e ia.
Hei tāpiritanga, e mōhiotia ana i tae atu a Penkive Eriksson o Nōwei ki te takutai o Amerika Te Raki i te 500 tau i mua i a Columbus, he mea e warewarehia ana i roto i te kōrero rongonui.
2. Ngā Pānga ki ngā Iwi Taketake
Ko te taenga mai o Columbus te tīmatanga o tētahi wā tūhuratanga a te Pākehā i arahi ai ki te raupatu, te hereheretanga, me te horapa o ngā mate i whakangaro i ngā taupori taketake o Amerika. Nā ngā kainoho Pākehā i kawe mai ngā mate pēnei i te rewharewha, te rewharewha, me te taiphus, ā, kāore i taea e te taupori taketake te ārai i a rātou. He tino kino te pānga: e kiia ana i tino heke te taupori taketake, ā, e ai ki ētahi whakatau tata, tae atu ki te 90% o te taupori i mate i ēnei mate.
Haunga te mate, ko te tukino me te mahi pononga tētahi wāhanga o ngā taonga tuku iho a Columbus. I whai muri i tana haerenga ki te moutere o Hispaniola i te Karipiana, i tētahi kaupapa here nanakia mō te mahi pononga i te taupori o Taíno. E kiia ana he mano tini o Taíno i akiakihia ki te mahi i ngā maina me ngā māra, he tokomaha i mate nā te kino o ngā tikanga mahi me te tukino.
3. Te Whakamanatanga ā-Rohe me te Whakakorenga i te Whakamanatanga
I mua, i kiia a Columbus he toa, he matakite hoki i roto i te hītori o Ūropi me Amerika. I a ia e matakite ana i whakapono he porowhita te Ao, i angitu ia ki te whakatenatena i te kīngi me te kuīni o Pāniora ki te putea i tana haerenga. Heoi, kua whakahēngia tēnei whakaute i ngā tekau tau tata nei. I te Hononga o Amerika, ko te Rā o Columbus, i whakanuia i mua me te whakapehapeha whenua, kei te tautohetohehia inaianei. Kua whakakapia e ētahi tāone me ngā kawanatanga ki te Rā o ngā Iwi Taketake o Amerika, hei whakamaumahara i te mamae me te whakangaromanga ahurea i puta mai i te koroni.
I ngā tau tata nei, kua riro ngā whakapakoko o Columbus hei whāinga mō ngā whakahē me ngā mahi whakangaro. Ko ētahi kua tangohia e ngā mana whakahaere ā-rohe hei tohu mō te mamae o ngā tāngata whenua.
4. Ngā Pātai mō te Matatika me te Tuakiri o Columbus
He maha ngā wā ka whakaatuhia a Columbus hei tangata ataahua, toa hoki. Heoi, e whakaatu ana ngā tuhinga kāore ia i te tino hapa. E ai ki ngā kōrero tuku iho me āna pukapuka whaiaro, ehara i te mea he tangata hiahia nui a Columbus engari he nanakia anō hoki. E mōhiotia ana ia mō te whiu kino i te hunga i whakapaetia he hara, tae atu ki te tapahi i te kiri me te poutoa te upoko.
Nā tēnei kōrero i ara ake ai he tautohetohe mō ngā tikanga matatika a Columbus. He tika rānei te whakanui i tētahi tangata nanakia i tana mahi ki ētahi atu, ahakoa tana mahi i roto i tētahi haerenga nui, whakahirahira hoki? He nui rānei āna whakatutukitanga hei utu mō āna hara?
5. Te Tirohanga Koroni me te Utu Tōrangapū
Ko te tautohetohe e pā ana ki a Columbus e whakaata ana hoki i ngā tirohanga rerekē o muri i te koroni ki te hītori. Ko ngā tirohanga tuku iho e whakanui ana i te tūranga o Ūropi ki te hora i te ao me te whakapono ki te Ao Hou. Heoi, ko ngā tirohanga o muri i te koroni e whakaatu ana i te tukino me te hē pāpori i mahia i runga i te ingoa o te kororia me te ahunga whakamua. E kite ana tēnei tirohanga i ngā kitenga a Columbus hei tīmatanga o tētahi upoko pōuri i roto i te hītori o ngā iwi taketake, tae atu ki te tukino, te herehere, me te murunga o ō rātou whenua.
6. Te Awe o te Ao
Kāore i te rohe o Amerika anake te awe o Christopher Columbus, engari i pāngia hoki te ao whānui. Nā te taenga mai o te Pākehā ki Amerika i whakauru mai he tipu hou, he kararehe hou, me ngā hangarau hou i huri ai te mapi o te ao. Heoi, kāore i kore he utu mō ēnei huringa.
I te taha pai, nā ngā taunekeneke i waenganui i ngā tuakoi e rua i whakarei ake te ahurea me te ōhanga o te ao. Nā te hokohoko o te Moana Ataratiki i kawe mai ngā hua pēnei i te rīwai, te kānga, me te tōmato ki Ūropi, ā, nā ngā hōiho me ngā hipi i kawe mai ki ngā whenua o Amerika. E mōhiotia ana tēnei ko te Columbus Exchange, he pānga nui ki te ao hou.
Heoi, i te taha kino, i whakanuia anō hoki e tēnei kitenga te hokohoko pononga o te Moana Ataratiki. Nā te pikinga ake o te hiahia mō ngā kaimahi i ngā māra o Amerika i akiaki te mahi pononga mai i Āwherika, ā, i puta ai te mamae nui me te roa.
7. Te Tūranga o te Whakapono
Kāore hoki e taea te whakakorekore he wāhi nui tā te whakapono i roto i ngā haerenga a Columbus. I te tautokona e te kaupapa a Roberto Belarmino ki te hora i te Karaitianatanga, i whakaaro a Columbus me te tini o ngā kainoho Pākehā he tika, he kawenga hoki tā rātou ki te huri i te iwi taketake ki te Karaitianatanga. He maha ngā wā i whakahaerehia ai tēnei kaupapa whakapono me te tutu me te akiaki, ā, i mutu ai te whakakorenga o ngā whakapono me ngā tikanga tuku iho o te rohe.
8. Te Arotake Anō i te Hītori
Ko te tautohetohe e pā ana ki a Columbus e whakaata ana hoki i te āhua o te tuhituhi me te whakaako i te hītori. He maha ngā wā ka tuhia te hītori e te hunga whai mana, ā, ko te whāinga he whakakororia i ā rātou mahi. Heoi, ko ngā huarahi hou ki te tuhi hītori e ngana ana ki te whakataurite i te kōrero mā te whakaaro ki ngā reo i warewarehia, i pehia rānei i mua, tae atu ki ngā reo o ngā iwi taketake.
Kei te neke haere te mātauranga i ngā kura me ngā whare wānanga ki te whakauru atu i ngā kōrero whānui me ngā kōrero maha-ahu mō te kitenga a Columbus i Amerika, me te whakanui i ana whakatutukitanga ā-whenua me te mamae i pā ki ngā Taketake o Amerika.
Te Katinga
He kaupapa nui, whānui hoki te pānga o te kitenga o Amerika e Christopher Columbus ki te hītori o te ao. Heoi, kia mārama ai tātou ki te pānga katoa o tēnei kaupapa, me ruku hohonu tātou ki tua atu i te kōrero toa e whakaatuhia pinepinetia ana. Mā te mārama ki ngā tirohanga maha me te pānga o te kitenga a Columbus, ka taea e tātou te aromatawai i tōna taonga tuku iho hītori me te arotake me te tika.
Ehara te tautohe e pā ana ki a Columbus i te ngana ki te ūkui i ngā mea o mua, engari he ngana ki te mārama ake i roto i te whānui me te kawenga. Mā tēnei, ka taea e tātou te ako mai i ngā hapa me ngā angitu o mua hei hanga i tētahi heke mai tika ake, whānui ake hoki mō te katoa.
