Hei rapu huarahi hei whakanui ake i te whai huatanga o te miihini wera , i tirotirohia e te kaipūtaiao Wīwī ko Sadi Carnot (1796-1832) tētahi mīhini karori ariā pai i te tau 1824. I taua wā, kāore anō kia whakatakotohia te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics, me te ture tuarua o te thermodynamics. Kāore anō kia whakatakotohia te ture tuatahi nā te mea kāore anō kia mōhio ngā kaipūtaiao ko te wera he pūngao. Whai muri i te whakamātautau a Joule me āna hoa mahi i ngā tau 1830, ka kitea e ngā kaipūtaiao ko te wera he pūngao e neke ana nā ngā rerekētanga pāmahana. Nō reira, i whakatakotoria te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics i muri i te tau 1830. I te tau 1824, i rangahau a Sadi Carnot i te miihini karori ariā pai. Ko tana rangahau he whakanui ake i te whai huatanga o te miihini mamaoa. Ko te nuinga o ngā miihini mamaoa o taua wā he iti ake te whai huatanga.
Te ture tuarua o te thermodynamics
Hei whakamārama i ngā tukanga thermodynamic kore e taea te hoki whakamuri, i titoa e ngā kaipūtaiao te ture tuarua o te thermodynamics. E whakamārama ana te ture tuarua o te thermodynamics i ngā tukanga ka taea te puta i te ao whānui, me ngā tukanga kāore e taea te puta. I kī tētahi kaipūtaiao ko RJE Clausius (1822-1888) i tēnei kōrero:
I te āhua tūturu, ka neke te wera mai i ngā mea pāmahana teitei ki ngā mea pāmahana iti; i te āhua tūturu, kāore te wera e neke mai i ngā mea pāmahana iti ki ngā mea pāmahana teitei (Te ture tuarua o te thermodynamics—te kōrero a Clausius).
Ko te kōrero a Clausius tētahi o ngā kōrero motuhake o te ture tuarua o te thermodynamics. Ka kiia he kōrero motuhake nā te mea e pā ana ki tētahi tukanga anake, e pā ana ki te whakawhiti wera. Nā te mea kāore tēnei kōrero e pā ana ki ētahi atu tukanga, me whai kōrero whānui ake tātou. Ko te whakawhanaketanga o tētahi kōrero whānui o te ture tuarua o te thermodynamics e ahu mai ana i te ako i ngā miihini wera. Nō reira, ka matapakihia e tātou te wera o te miihini i te tuatahi.
Ngā tukanga whakamahana: Isothermal Adiabatic Isochoric Isobaric
Ngā tukanga whakamahana tuhinga: Isothermal Adiabatic Isochoric Isobaric
E whā ngā tukanga thermodynamic, arā, ko te isothermal, te isochoric, te isobaric me te adiabatic.
Tukanga Isothermal (pāmahana pumau)
I roto i tētahi tukanga isothermal, ka mau tonu te pāmahana o te pūnaha. I roto i te ariā, he hau pai te pūnaha kua tātarihia. He rite tonu te pāmahana hau pai ki te pūngao hau ā-roto pai (U = 3/2 n RT). Kāore a T e rerekē, nō reira kāore hoki a U e rerekē. Nō reira, ki te whakamahia ki te tukanga isothermal, ka noho te ture tuatahi o te whārite thermodynamic:
Te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics
Te tukanga whakamahana
Ko te wera (Q) te pūngao e neke ana mai i tētahi mea ki tētahi atu nā te rerekētanga o te pāmahana. Mō ngā pūnaha me ngā taiao, ko te wera he pūngao e neke ana mai i tētahi pūnaha ki tētahi taiao, he pūngao rānei e neke ana mai i tētahi taiao ki tētahi pūnaha, nā te rerekētanga o te pāmahana. Mena he teitei ake te pāmahana o te pūnaha i te pāmahana o te taiao, ka rere te wera mai i te pūnaha ki te taiao. Mena he teitei ake te pāmahana o te taiao i te pāmahana o te pūnaha, ka rere te wera mai i te taiao ki te pūnaha.
Ko te wera (Q) he pūngao e neke ana nā te rerekētanga o te pāmahana, engari ko te mahi (W) e pā ana ki te whakawhiti pūngao mā te mahi. Hei tauira, ki te mahi te pūnaha ki te taiao, ka neke te pūngao mai i te pūnaha ki te taiao. I tetahi atu taha, ki te mahi te taiao ki te pūnaha, ka neke te pūngao mai i te taiao ki te pūnaha.
Ngā ngaru whakawhiti – ngā raruraru me ngā otinga
1. Ko te tawhiti i waenganui i ngā awaawa e rua o ngā ngaru o te mata o te wai he 20 m. Ka mānu tētahi mea i runga i te mata o te wai kia pāngia ai e te nekehanga wiri. Mena ko te wā e haere ai i te wiri kotahi he 4 hēkona, ko te tere o te ngaru ko …. m/s
A. 20
B. 15
C. 10
D. 5
Mōhiotia:
Te tere o ngā ngaru miihini - ngā raruraru me ngā otinga
1. Ko te tere o te ngaru whakawhiti i runga i te taura 25 mita te roa he 50 m/s. Ko te kaha kume o te taura he 200 N. Tātaihia te taumaha o te taura.
A. 0.08 kg
B. 0.5 kg
C. 0.8 kg
D. 2.0 kg
Mōhiotia:
Te nekehanga hāmoni māmā – ngā raruraru me ngā otinga
1. Ka wiri tetahi mea me te auau o te 5 Hz ki te taha matau me te taha maui. Ka neke te mea mai i te pūwāhi taurite ki te nekehanga mōrahi ki te taha matau. Tātaihia te wā e hiahiatia ana hei tae atu ki te nekehanga mōrahi ki te taha matau i ngā wā tekau mā tahi.
A. 2.05
B. 2.20
C. 2.25
D. 2.50
Mōhiotia:
Te pendulum māmā - ngā raruraru me ngā otinga
1. E rua ngā pendulum māmā kei ngā wāhi rerekē e rua. Ko te roa o te pendulum tuarua he 0.4 ngā wā o te roa o te pendulum tuatahi, ā, ko te whakaterenga o te kaha ā-papatipu e pā ana ki te pendulum tuarua he 0.9 ngā wā o te whakaterenga o te kaha ā-papatipu e pā ana ki te pendulum tuatahi. Whakatauhia te whakataurite i te auau o te pendulum tuatahi ki te pendulum tuarua.
A. 2/3
B. 3/2
C. 4/9
D. 9/4
Te haruru o ngā ngaru oro - ngā raruraru me ngā otinga
1. I muri i te wiri o te marau whakaōrite A, ka wiri te marau whakaōrite B. Ka wiri te marau whakaōrite B nā te mea…
A. He rite te kaha o te marau whakaōrite A ki te kaha o te marau whakaōrite B.
B. He rite tonu te pouaka oro o ngā marau whakarārangi e rua
C. He rite te auau o te marau whakaōrite B ki te auau o te marau whakaōrite A
D. He rite tonu te tae o ngā oro i puta mai i ngā marau whakarārangi e rua
otinga
Te pēhanga o ngā wai – ngā raruraru me ngā otinga
1.
Ko te whakaterenga nā te kaha ā-papa he 10 N/kg. Ko te horahanga o te mata o te ika e pēhia ana e te wai i runga ake ko 6 cm 2. Tātaihia te kaha o te wai i runga ake i te ika e pā ana ki te ika.
Mōhiotia: