ahupūngao

Ko te makuku e whakaatu ana i te nui o te mamaoa wai i te rangi. Ina ua, he tino makuku te āhuarangi nā te mea he nui te mamaoa wai i te rangi. I tetahi atu taha, ki te iti noa te mamaoa wai i te rangi, ka maroke te hau. Ko te nui o te mamaoa wai i te rangi ka whakaatuhia e te makuku whanaunga.

Ko te haumākū whanaunga ko te ōwehenga o te pēhanga wāhanga o te mamaoa ki te pēhanga o te mamaoa kukū o te wai i tētahi pāmahana (he mamaoa wai te mamaoa). Ka whakaatuhia te haumākū whanaunga i roto i te ōrau, e ai ki te pāngarau:

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Ki te āta tirohia, ka kitea tuatahitia te paoa o te tahunga. I muri i tētahi wā, kāore e kitea te paoa. Kua whakamahia e koe he hinu kakara? Ahakoa ka rehuhia e koe te hinu kakara ki roto i te rūma, ka taea hoki e ētahi atu tāngata kei waho o te whare te rongo i te kakara o te hinu kakara. Ki te tunu te whaea i te kai reka me te reka i roto i te kīhini, ka taea hoki te rongo i te kakara o te tunu kai mai i te whare o te hoa noho. He aha ai?

He maha atu anō ngā tauira. Mēnā ka makahia e koe ētahi pata waituhi ki roto i tētahi karāhe kei roto he wai mārama, ka horapa ōrite te waituhi, te tae kai rānei puta noa i te wai. Ka tupu aunoa tēnei. Ko ētahi o ngā tauira o mua ko ngā mahi horapa e kitea pinepine ana i roto i te oranga o ia rā. Ko te horapa te tukanga o te neke i ngā matū mai i te kukū teitei ki te kukū iti. Ko te tikanga o te kukū ko te maha o ngā ngota/mōra o tētahi matū mō ia rōrahi. Ko te wāhi kukū teitei he wāhi kei reira he maha ngā ngota o ngā matū mō ia rōrahi. I tetahi atu taha, ko ngā kukū iti he wāhi kei reira he iti noa ngā ngota mō ia rōrahi.

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Pūngao i roto i te hau pai monoatomic

Ko te pūngao i roto i te hau pai monoatomic ko te tapeke o te pūngao nekeneke whakawhiti o ngā ngota hau pai monoatomic. Ko te tapeke o te pūngao nekeneke whakawhiti o ngā ngota hau pai = te hua o te pūngao nekeneke whakawhiti toharite o ia ngota me te maha o ngā ngota (N). Mā te pāngarau:

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I ahu mai te ariā wehewehenga pūngao i runga i te ariā e Clerk Maxwell mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga tatauranga. Ka kiia he ariā nā te mea kāore he taunakitanga mā te whakamātautau. Ko te tikanga o te wehewehenga pūngao he tohatoha ōrite o te pūngao.

KE = te pūngao nekeneke whakawhiti toharite o ngā ngota hau (Joule)

k = te pūmau a Boltzmann = 1.38 x 10 ^-23 J/K

T = te pāmahana tino o te ngota hau pai (Kelvin)

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Haunga te pēhanga, ko tētahi o ngā rahinga e whakaatu ana i te āhua makaro o te hau ko te pāmahana (T). Whārite pēhanga hau:

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E kī ana te ariā nekeneke he ngota, he ngota rānei kei roto i ia matū, ā, ka neke haere tonu ngā ngota, ngā ngota rānei, me te kore e aro. E rite ana tēnei whakaaro o te ariā nekeneke ki te āhua me te āhua o te ngota, o te ngota rānei o te hau. He ngoikore te kaha kukume i waenga i ngā ngota, ngā ngota rānei e hanga ana i te hau, kia taea ai e ngā ngota, ngā ngota rānei te neke noa.

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Ture a Boyle, ture a Charles, ture a Gay-Lussac

Te ture a Boyle

I whakahaerehia e Robert Boyle (1627-1691) ngā whakamātautau hei tirotiro i te whanaungatanga tauanga i waenga i te pēhanga hau me te rōrahi. Ka mahia tēnei whakamātautau mā te whakauru i tētahi nui o te hau ki roto i tētahi ipu kua kati. Tae noa ki tētahi huarahi pai, i kitea e ia mēnā ka mau tonu te pāmahana hau, kātahi ka piki ake te pēhanga hau, ka whakaitihia te rōrahi hau. Waihoki, ina heke te pēhanga hau, ka piki ake te rōrahi hau. He rite whakamuri te pēhanga hau ki te rōrahi hau. E mōhiotia ana tēnei whanaungatanga ko te Ture a Boyle. I roto i te pāngarau:

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Kāore ngā ture hau a Boyle, a Charles, me Gay-Lussac e pā ki ngā āhuatanga hau katoa, nō reira ka uaua ake tā mātou tātari. Nō reira, i whakaaturia te tauira hau pai. Kāore te hau pai e noho ana i te oranga o ia rā; ko te hau pai te āhua tino tika hei whakahaere i te tātari. Ko te noho o tēnei ariā hau pai he tino āwhina i a mātou ki te arotake i te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā ture e toru o te hau.

Te whanaungatanga i waenga i te pāmahana, te rōrahi, me te pēhanga hau

Mā te titiro ki ngā ture hau e toru i runga ake nei, ka taea e tātou te whakaputa i tētahi whanaungatanga whānui ake i waenga i te pāmahana, te rōrahi, me te pēhanga hau.

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Kāore e taea e te kōrero motuhake o te ture tuarua o te thermodynamics te whakaahua i ngā tukanga kore e taea te huri katoa, nō reira me whai kōrero whānui tātou. E tumanakohia ana ka whakamāramahia e tēnei kōrero whānui ngā tukanga kore e taea te huri katoa e puta ana i te ao whānui. I hangaia te kōrero whānui o te ture tuarua o te thermodynamics i waenganui o te rautau tekau mā iwa, mā te rahinga e kiia nei ko te entropy (S). I whakaurua tuatahitia te entropy e Clausius, ā, i hangaia mai i te huringa Carnot (mīhini caloric tino tika). E ai ki a Clausius, ka pāngia te pūnaha e ngā huringa entropy, ina whiwhi te pūnaha i te wera tāpiri (Q) i te pāmahana pumau, e tohuhia ana e te whārite:

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He tuhinga mō te Tauwehenga Mahi o te Mīhini Whakamatao

He mīhini whakamatao te mīhini e tango ana i te wera mai i te wāhi iti te pāmahana, kātahi ka whakawhiti ki te wāhi teitei te pāmahana. Kia puta ai tēnei tukanga, me mahi te mīhini i te mahi nā te mea ka rere noa te wera mai i te pāmahana teitei ki te pāmahana iti. Koinei te kōrero a Clausius:

Kāore e taea e te mīhini whakamatao te whakawhiti wera mai i te wāhi pāmahana iti ki te wāhi pāmahana teitei, me te kore he mahi (Te ture tuarua o te thermodynamics—te kōrero a Clausius).

Ka mahi te mīhini (W) ki te whakawhiti wera, mai i te pāmahana iti (QL ₎ ki te pāmahana teitei (QH ₎ . I runga i te tiakitanga o te pūngao, QL ₊ W = _QH.

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