Ngā Akoranga Ahupūngao Taketake

He tuhinga mō ngā Inemahana me ngā tauine pāmahana

1. Ngā Inemahana

Ko te taputapu i hangaia hei ine i te pāmahana he inemahana. He maha ngā momo inemahana, engari he rite tonu te kaupapa mahi. I te nuinga o te wā, ka whakamahia e mātou ngā mea ine pāmahana, arā, ko te āhua o te matū ka huri i te pāmahana. Mena ka huri te pāmahana o te mea, ka huri anō hoki te āhua, me te rahi o te mea. Ko te nuinga o ngā inemahana e whakamahi ana i ngā mea ka taea te whakawhānui, te whakaiti rānei ina huri te pāmahana. Ko ngā inemahana e whakamahia pinepinetia ana he ngongo karāhe, kei reira te waipiro, te konukōre rānei i waenganui o te ngongo. Ina piki te pāmahana, ka whānui te waipiro, te konukōre rānei i roto i te ipu kia piki ake te roa o te pou waipiro, konukōre rānei. I tetahi atu taha, ina heke te pāmahana, ka heke te roa o te pou waipiro, konukōre rānei. I waho o te ngongo karāhe, kei reira ngā tau ko te tauine o te inemahana. Ko te tau e whakaaturia ana e te pito o runga o te pou waipiro, konukōre rānei e whakaatu ana i te uara o te pāmahana o te mea e inehia ana.

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He tuhinga mō Te Ture Kore o te Thermodynamics

Tae noa mai ki tēnei wā, e rua noa ngā mea e pā ana ki te taurite wera kua kitea e tātou.

Hei mārama ake i te ariā o te taurite wera, me arotake tātou i ētahi mea e toru (tērā pea ko ngā mea A, ko ngā mea B, me ngā mea C). Hei tauira, kāore te mea B me te mea C e pā tetahi ki tetahi, engari kei te pā te mea A ki te mea B, ā, kei te pā te mea A ki te mea C. Mātakitakina te ahua i raro nei. Nā te mea kei te pā tetahi ki tetahi, haunga te mea A me te mea B, kei te taurite wera anō hoki, waihoki kei te taurite wera anō hoki te mea A me te mea C. Kei te taurite wera anō hoki ngā mea B me C kāore e pā tetahi ki tetahi? Ki te whakamahi noa tātou i te arorau, ka taea e tātou te kī kei te taurite wera anō hoki te mea B me te mea C, ahakoa kāore rāua e pā ana. Kei te taurite wera te mea A me te mea B, ko te tikanga ko te pāmahana o te mea A = te pāmahana o te mea B.

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He tuhinga mō te whakamāramatanga o te pāmahana me te taurite wera

Te whakamāramatanga o te pāmahana

Kua pā atu koe ki te hukapapa? He aha ō kare ā-roto ina pā ō ringaringa ki te hukapapa? Ā, mēnā he ahi te mea e pā atu ana koe? Ina pā atu koe ki te hukapapa, ka mātao ō ringaringa, ina pā atu koe ki te ahi, ka wera ō ringaringa. He aha te tikanga o te wera, te mahana, te mātao, te mātao?

Ko te ariā o te pāmahana ka tīmata mai i te wera me te makariri e pāngia ana e tō tātou arero pā. I runga i ngā mea e pāngia ana e te arero pā, ka kīia he wera ake te mea i tētahi atu mea, he mātao ake rānei te mea i tētahi atu. He teitei ake ngā pāmahana o ngā mea wera, he iti ake ia ngā pāmahana o ngā mea matao. Ko te mātao ake o te mea, ka iti ake te pāmahana. I tētahi atu taha, ko te wera ake o te mea, ka teitei ake te pāmahana. Ko te ine i te wera, i te mātao rānei o tētahi mea ka kiia ko te pāmahana. I roto i te kaupapa o te ariā nekeneke hau, ka mārama ake koe ki te whakamāramatanga o te pāmahana; he aha te mea e pā ana ki ngā ngota o tētahi mea kia wera ai, kia mahana ai, kia mātao ai, kia makariri ai rānei.

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He tuhinga mō ngā āhua o te matū (i runga i ngā āhuatanga moroiti)

I roto i te oranga o ia rā, e toru ngā āhua o te matū e tūtaki ana tātou. He matū totoka (hei tauira, te kōhatu, te rino, me ētahi atu), he wai (wai, penehīni, me ētahi atu) me he matū hau (hau, me ētahi atu). Ka taea te wehewehe i ngā āhua e toru o ēnei matū i runga i tō rātou kaha ki te pupuri i tō rātou āhua me te rahi.

He āhua pumau, he rōrahi pumau hoki ngā mea totoka. Kāore te wai e piri tonu, engari ka urutau ki te ipu e nohoia ana. Hei tauira, ki te ringihia he wai ki roto i te karāhe, ka rerekē te āhua pērā i te karāhe. Ki te ringihia he wai ki roto i te kaukau, ka rerekē te āhua pērā i te kaukau. He pūmau tonu te rōrahi o te wai. Ki te ringihia he karāhe wai ki roto i te kaukau, ka noho tonu te nui o te wai i roto i te karāhe. Ka taea te whakarerekē te āhua o te wai, engari kāore e rerekē te rahi. Kia maumahara ka taea te whakarerekē te maha o ngā mea totoka me ngā wai mēnā ka hoatu he kaha nui.

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He tuhinga mō te ariā ngota me te ariā nekeneke

Te ariā atomika

Mō ngā mano tau, i whakapono ngā Kariki onamata ko ia matū parakore (pērā i te koura, te rino, me ētahi atu) he ngota. E ai ki a rātou, ki te tapatapahia he matū parakore kia iti, ka tapahia anō ngā wāhanga iti, kātahi ka tapahia anō... ā, pērā tonu, kātahi ka noho ko ngā wāhanga iti rawa kāore e taea te tapahi anō. Ko ngā wāhanga iti rawa kāore e taea te tapahi anō ka kiia he ngota. Ko te tikanga o te ngota ko te "kāore e taea te wehewehe" (reo Kariki)

I taua wā, e kiia ana kua kore te ngota e wehea. Engari i muri mai ka kitea e ētahi kaipūtaiao ngā irahiko me ngā karihi ngota (ngā porotona me ngā irahiko), ā, he hē te whakaaro kāore e taea te wehewehe i ngā ngota. Nō reira, ko ngā ngota he irahiko (he utu kino) me ngā karihi ngota. Ka karapotia e ngā irahiko te karihi. I roto i te karihi, kei reira ngā porotona (he utu pai) me ngā irahiko (he kore utu, he kore utu rānei).

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He tuhinga mō ngā huringa o te wāhanga Te pāmahana matua Te pūwāhi toru

I roto i te kōrero mō te ture hau pai, kua whakamāramahia ko te ture hau pai e whakaahua tika ana i te whanonga o te hau tūturu ina kore e nui rawa te pēhanga me te mātotoru o te hau tūturu. Mena he nui te pēhanga me te mātotoru o te hau tūturu, ka puta he hua hē i te ture hau pai, pērā anō hoki, ina tata te pāmahana o te hau tūturu ki te pūwāhi koropupū. E pā ana tēnei ki ngā taunekeneke e puta ana i waenga i ngā ngota hau tūturu. He rite te pēhanga hau ki te rahinga hau. Ina nui te pēhanga hau, ka iti haere te rahinga hau. Nā te iti o te rahinga hau, ka tata haere te tawhiti i waenga i ngā ngota hau. Ina tata haere te tawhiti i waenga i ngā ngota, ka kukume ngā ngota tetahi ki tetahi. He rite ki te whakatakoto i tētahi wahi rino ki runga i tētahi aukume. Mena he tawhiti te tawhiti i waenga i te aukume me te rino, kāore e taea e te aukume te kukume i te rino. Engari ki te tata te tawhiti i waenga i te aukume me te rino, ka kukumea te rino kia tata.

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Ko Van der Walls te ingoa o tētahi tohunga ahupūngao Tatimana, a JD van der Waals (1837-1923). Ko te Whārite Āhua o Van der Waals he whārite āhua o tētahi hau, he rite ki te whārite āhua o tētahi hau pai. Ko te rerekētanga, kāore e taea e te whārite āhua o tētahi hau pai te whakarato hua tika mena he nui te pēhanga me te mātotoru o te hau tūturu. Engari ko te Whārite Āhua o Van der Waals ka taea te whakaputa hua tika ake.

I ahu mai te oranga o tēnei whārite i a Van der Waals, nāna i kite i ngā herenga o te whārite o tētahi āhua pai. Mā Waals, ka whakarerekē te whārite o te āhua o te hau pai, mā te tāpiri i ētahi āhuatanga e pā ana ki te āhua o te hau tūturu, ina nui te pēhanga me te mātotoru o te hau tūturu.

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Ka taea te whakamārama i te tukanga mimiti mā te whakamahi i te ariā nekeneke. Pērā i ngā ngota hau, ka neke hoki ngā ngota wai. Ko te rerekētanga, kāore e taea te marara ngā ngota wai nā te mea ka taea tonu e te kukume i waenga i ngā ngota te pupuri i a rātou. I tetahi atu taha, he pakarukaru te kukume i waenga i ngā ngota hau, ā, kāore e taea e ngā ngota hau te hanumi. I te neke, he tere ngā ngota wai. He tere ngā ngota wai; he iti hoki ngā tere o ngā ngota wai. He rite te tohatoha o te tere o te ngota wai ki te tohatoha Maxwell.

Ka puta te mimiti ina nui te tere o ngā ngota wai, ā, kāore e taea e te kukume i waenga i ngā ngota wai te pupuri i a rātou kia kotahi. He rite ki ngā rōkete e neke ana ki te wāhi, he nui te tere o te rōkete, ā, kāore e taea e te kaha ā-papa te pupuri i a rātou kia noho ki runga i te whenua. Kia mahara ko ngā ngota anake he tere nui ka taea te mawhiti i te kukume i waenga i ngā ngota. Ka noho tahi ngā ngota he tere iti pērā i te wai.

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Ko te kohua he tukanga hurihanga wai hei hau. Ka puta te kohua ina rite te pēhanga o te kohu mākū ki te pēhanga hau (te pēhanga hau = te pēhanga hauhautanga). Ka kōrerohia te wai kohua anake. He rite tonu te pēhanga kohu mākū o te wai ki te pāmahana o te wai, ka teitei ake te pāmahana o te wai, ka teitei ake te pēhanga o te kohu mākū. Ina whakamahanahia te wai, ka puta he mirumiru iti ki raro i te ipu. Ko te noho o ngā mirumiru e tohu ana i te huringa o te wai hei hau. Mena he iti ake te pēhanga kohu mākū i roto i te mirumiru i te pēhanga hau o waho, ka mimiti te mirumiru, ka memeha i mua i te taenga ki te mata. Ka whakangaromia ngā mirumiru nā te mea he teitei ake te kaha pana o te hau o waho i te kaha pana o te kohu i roto i te mirumiru. He teitei ake te pēhanga hau o waho i te pēhanga kohu i roto i te mirumiru, nō reira he kaha ake te kaha o te hau o waho (P = F / A).

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Ko te makuku e whakaatu ana i te nui o te mamaoa wai i te rangi. Ina ua, he tino makuku te āhuarangi nā te mea he nui te mamaoa wai i te rangi. I tetahi atu taha, ki te iti noa te mamaoa wai i te rangi, ka maroke te hau. Ko te nui o te mamaoa wai i te rangi ka whakaatuhia e te makuku whanaunga.

Ko te haumākū whanaunga ko te ōwehenga o te pēhanga wāhanga o te mamaoa ki te pēhanga o te mamaoa kukū o te wai i tētahi pāmahana (he mamaoa wai te mamaoa). Ka whakaatuhia te haumākū whanaunga i roto i te ōrau, e ai ki te pāngarau:

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