Te Whakamāramatanga o te Ōhanga Whakawhanake e ai ki ngā Tohunga
He peka nui te ōhanga whanaketanga o te ōhanga, inā koa mō ngā whenua e whai ana ki te whakapai ake i te oranga o ō rātou iwi. Ko te arotahi matua o te ōhanga whanaketanga kei tua atu i ngā tatauranga tipu ōhanga pēnei i te Hua Whenua Katoa (GDP) ki te huringa pāpori, te whakapai ake i te kounga o te oranga, te tohatoha moni whiwhi ōrite, te whakaiti i te rawakore, te whakawhānui ake i ngā whai wāhitanga mahi, me te whakapai ake i te kounga o ngā rauemi tangata. Nā te whānui o te whānuitanga, ka tautuhia e ngā tohunga te ōhanga whanaketanga me ngā arotahi rerekē. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te whakamāramatanga o te ōhanga whanaketanga e ai ki ngā tohunga, ā, ka whakamāramahia ngā huānga matua e ahu mai ana i te matapakinga o te ōhanga whanaketanga.
Te Māramatanga Whānui ki te Ōhanga Whakawhanake
I te nuinga o te wā, ko te ōhanga whanaketanga he peka o te ōhanga e ako ana i te tukanga whakapai ake i te oranga hapori mō te wā roa, inā koa i ngā whenua whakawhanake. Ka tirohia e tēnei pūtaiao te huarahi e taea ai e tētahi whenua te wikitoria i ngā raruraru hanganga maha pērā i te rawakore, te kore mahi, te kore taurite, te iti o te hua, te whakamuri hangarau, me te whakawhirinaki ki te ōhanga. Nō reira, ka aromatawaihia e te ōhanga whanaketanga ehara i te "rahi o te tipu o te ōhanga" engari "me pēhea hoki te tipu o te hapori."
He rerekē ki te ōhanga whānui, e aro nui ana ki te pumau (te pikinga utu, ngā reiti whakawhiti moni, ngā reiti huamoni, te tahua pūtea), e aro nui ana te ōhanga whanaketanga ki ngā huringa hanganga—hei tauira, te whakawhiti mai i te ōhanga ahuwhenua ki te ōhanga ahumahi me te ratonga, te whakahou i te rāngai ahuwhenua, te whakapai ake i te kounga o te mātauranga me te hauora, me te whakapakari i ngā umanga tūmatanui.
Te Whakamāramatanga o te Ōhanga Whakawhanake e ai ki ngā Tohunga
Anei ētahi whakamāramatanga mō te ōhanga whanaketanga e ai ki ngā tohunga, ā, e whakamahia pinepinetia ana hei tohutoro i roto i ngā tuhinga ōhanga.
1. Michael P. Todaro rāua ko Stephen C. Smith
E whakamārama ana a Todaro rāua ko Smith i te whanaketanga hei tukanga maha-ahu e kapi ana i ngā huringa nui o ngā hanganga pāpori, ngā waiaro pāpori, me ngā umanga ā-motu, tae atu ki te whakateretere i te tipu ōhanga, te whakaiti i te kore taurite, me te whakakore i te rawakore. I roto i tēnei anga, ka ako te ōhanga whanaketanga i te āhua o te puta o ēnei tukanga maha-ahu, me te āhua o te whakahaere i ngā kaupapa here hei whakatutuki i aua tukanga.
E whakanui ana te whakamāramatanga a Todaro kāore te whanaketanga i te rite ki te tipu. He mea nui te tipu ōhanga, engari ki te kore he ōritetanga me ngā whakapainga o te kounga o te oranga, ka kiia te whanaketanga kāore i oti. Mā tēnei tirohanga ka whakanohohia te tangata ki waenganui o te whanaketanga, ehara i te mea ko te putanga ōhanga anake.
2. Ngā Matakite o Dudley
E mōhiotia ana a Dudley Seers mō āna pātai matua hei aromatawai mēnā kei te tupu pono te whanaketanga: Kei te heke te rawakore? Kei te heke te kore mahi? Kei te heke te kore taurite? Ki te kore ngā whakautu ki ēnei pātai e toru e pai ake, ka kiia te whanaketanga he kore angitu, ahakoa ka piki ake te moni whiwhi mō ia tangata.
Ki a Seers, me aromatawai te ōhanga whanaketanga i te ahunga whakamua i runga i ngā tohu pāpori me ngā tohu tohatoha, kaua ko ngā tatauranga GDP anake. E whakakaha ana tēnei tirohanga i te whakaaro me whakauru te whanaketanga, me tae atu ki ngā rōpū tino ngoikore o te hapori.
3. Amartya Sen
E titiro ana a Amartya Sen ki te whanaketanga hei whānui o te herekoretanga (te whanaketanga hei herekoretanga). E ai ki a Sen, me titiro te whanaketanga hei tukanga whakawhānui i ngā āheinga o te tangata ki te whiriwhiri me te ora i ngā oranga e whakanuia ana e rātou. Nō reira, he hononga tata te ōhanga whanaketanga ki te whakawhānui i te urunga atu ki te mātauranga, te hauora, ngā whai wāhitanga mahi, te herekoretanga tōrangapū, me te tiakitanga hapori.
Ko te arotahi matua o tēnei whakamāramatanga ko te kounga o te oranga me te mana o te tangata. Mai i te tirohanga a Sen, ehara te rawakore i te kore moni whiwhi noa iho, engari he kore pūkenga me te urunga atu ki ngā whai wāhitanga e āhei ai te tangata ki te ora i te oranga tika.
4. Ragnar Nurkse
I whakanuia e Ragnar Nurkse te take o te "porowhita kino o te rawakore." Ki tāna titiro, kei roto ngā whenua rawakore i te āhua iti o te whiwhinga moni e arahi ana ki te iti o te penapena, te iti o te haumitanga, te iti o te hua, ā, i te mutunga iho he iti ngā whiwhinga moni. E ai ki tēnei kura whakaaro, ko te ōhanga whanaketanga e ako ana me pēhea te wawahi i tēnei porowhita kino mā te haumi, te hanganga pūtea, me ngā kaupapa here e whakanui ana i te hua.
I whakanuia e Nurkse te hiranga o te kohikohinga pūtea me te whakapiki i te kaha whakaputa hei whakaritenga mō te mawhiti i te mahanga rawakore. Ahakoa i aro nui ia ki te taha ōhanga, he mea nui ana takoha ki te mārama ki ngā here hanganga o ngā whenua whakawhanake.
5. W. Arthur Lewis
E mōhiotia whānuitia ana a W. Arthur Lewis mō tana tauira rāngai rua, e titiro ana ki te ōhanga o ngā whenua whakawhanake he rāngai tuku iho (te nuinga o te wā he ahuwhenua oranga) me te rāngai hou (ahumahi). Ka puta te whanaketanga ina neke te mahi mai i te rāngai tuku iho iti te hua ki te rāngai hou e whai hua ake ana, ā, ka piki ake te putanga o te motu.
I roto i tēnei horopaki, ka aro atu te ōhanga whanaketanga ki te panonitanga hanganga, te ahumahi, me te waihanga mahi whai hua. I whakanui a Lewis ehara i te mea ko te whakanui ake i te whakapaipai anake te kaupapa o te whanaketanga, engari ko te neke rauemi ki ngā rāngai whai hua teitei ake.
6. Gunnar Myrdal
Nā Gunnar Myrdal i whakauru te ariā o te "pūtake porowhita me te pūmau." I tautohe ia ka kino haere te rawakore me te kore whanaketanga nā ngā tikanga whakakaha tahi, pērā i te kore taurite ā-rohe, te kounga mātauranga kore taurite, me ngā umanga ngoikore. Nō reira, ka taea e ngā rohe whakawhanake te ahu whakamua tonu, ko ngā rohe ngoikore ia ka mahue ki muri.
Ki tā Myrdal tirohanga, me aro atu te ōhanga whanaketanga ki ngā āhuatanga pāpori, ngā umanga, me te kore taurite ā-rohe. Me wawao ngā kaupapa here mō te whanaketanga hei whakatika i ngā ia o te mākete ka whānui ake ai ngā rerekētanga.
7. Simon Kuznets
I matapakihia whānuitia e Simon Kuznets te whanaungatanga i waenga i te tipu ōhanga me te kore taurite o te whiwhinga moni mā te "Kuznets Curve." I tautohe ia i ngā wāhanga tōmua o te tipu, ka piki ake te kore taurite, engari i ngā wāhanga o muri mai ka taea te whakaiti i te kore taurite me te whānui o te ahumahi, te whakapai ake i te mātauranga, me ngā kaupapa here pāpori.
Ahakoa kāore i te whakamāramahia te ōhanga whanaketanga kia rite ki te whaiti o te whakamāramatanga a te papakupu, he mea nui te takoha a Kuznets ki te ōhanga whanaketanga nā te mea e whakaatu ana i ngā whanaketanga o te tohatoha moni whiwhi i roto i te tukanga tipu mo te wā roa.
Ngā Mātāpono Matua o te Ōhanga Whakawhanake mai i ngā Whakamāramatanga Rerekē
Ki te whakarāpopototia ngā tirohanga a ngā tohunga i runga ake nei, he maha ngā kaupapa matua o te ōhanga whanaketanga:
1. He maha ngā āhuatanga o te whanaketanga: kei roto ko ngā āhuatanga ōhanga, pāpori, tōrangapū, ahurea me ngā āhuatanga whakahaere (Todaro, Sen, Myrdal).
2. He rite te hiranga o ngā tohu pāpori ki ngā tohu ōhanga: ko te rawakore, te kore mahi me te kore taurite ngā paearu matua (Seers).
3. Te panonitanga hanganga: te panoni mai i te rāngai tuku iho ki tētahi rāngai hou e whai hua ake ana (Lewis).
4. Te tūranga o ngā umanga me ngā kaupapa here tūmatanui: kāore te whanaketanga e puta aunoa mā roto i ngā tikanga mākete; me whai wawaotanga me te whakahaere pai (Myrdal).
5. Te whakanui ake i te kaha whakaputa me te haumi: he mea nui hei wawahi i te mahanga iti-moni whiwhi (Nurkse).
6. Te ōritetanga me te whakauru: me tino ōrite te whiwhinga o te tipu kia tino pai ake ai te oranga o te tangata nā te whanaketanga (Kuznets, Todaro).
Whakamutunga
E ai ki ngā tohunga, ko te whakamāramatanga o te ōhanga whanaketanga e whakaatu ana ehara i te tipu ōhanga anake te whanaketanga. E whakanui ana a Todaro rāua ko Smith i te whanaketanga hei tukanga maha-ahu; e aromatawai ana a Seers i te whanaketanga mā te whakaiti i te rawakore, te kore mahi, me te kore taurite; e titiro ana a Sen ki te whanaketanga hei whakawhānui i te herekoretanga me ngā āheinga o te tangata; e arotahi ana a Nurkse ki te wawahi i te huringa kino o te rawakore mā te haumi; e whakanui ana a Lewis i te huringa o ngā rāngai e rua; e whakanui ana a Myrdal i ngā āhuatanga ā-pūnaha me te kore taurite e whakaemihia ana; ko Kuznets ia e whakanui ana i ngā hihiri o te kore taurite i roto i te tukanga tipu.
Mā te mārama ki ēnei whakamāramatanga maha, ka kitea e tātou ko te ōhanga whanaketanga te ako i te āhua o te whakapai ake a ngā whenua me ngā hapori i te oranga i roto i te huarahi pumau, taurite, me te atawhai tangata. Ko te whanaketanga angitu ko te whanaketanga e kore e hua noa i ngā reiti tipu teitei engari e whakawhānui ana hoki i ngā whai wāhitanga, e whakaiti ana i te kore taurite, me te whakapai ake i te kounga o te oranga mō ngā tāngata katoa.
