Ariā Ōhanga Whānui Taurite
Ko te Ariā Ōhanga Whānui Taurite tētahi o ngā pou matua o te ōhanga hou, e ngana ana ki te whakamārama me pēhea te taunekeneke a ngā mākete rerekē o te ōhanga, ā, i te mutunga ka eke ki tētahi āhua taurite i te wā kotahi. Kāore i rite ki te tātari taurite wāhanga, e aro ana ki tētahi mākete motuhake anake (hei tauira, te mākete raihi, te mākete mahi rānei) me te pupuri tonu i ētahi atu mākete, e titiro ana te ariā taurite whānui ki te ōhanga hei pūnaha honohono. Ka pāngia ngā utu, te whakaputa, te kai, me te tohatoha moni whiwhi i roto i ētahi atu rāngai, nā reira he mea nui te mārama ki ēnei hononga.
Whakamāramatanga me te Whānuitanga
I te whakarapopototanga, ko te taurite whānui he āhua e taurite ana ngā mākete katoa o te ōhanga—ngā mākete taonga me ngā ratonga, ngā mākete tauwehe (te mahi, te whakapaipai, te whenua), me ngā mākete pūtea—i te wā kotahi. Ka tutuki te taurite ina kore he kaiwhakataetae ōhanga e whai hihiri ana ki te whakarerekē i tā rātou whakatau. Kua whakanuia e ngā kaihoko ā rātou whai huatanga i roto i ā rātou tahua, kua whakanuia e ngā kaihanga ā rātou hua i roto i ā rātou utu hangarau me ngā utu whakauru-putanga, ā, kua "mārama" te mākete katoa, ko te tikanga ko te rahinga e tonoa ana he ōrite ki te rahinga e tukuna ana.
Ko te whānuitanga o tēnei ariā e kapi ana i ngā whanonga a te kaihoko, te whanonga a te kaihanga, te hanganga utu, te tohatoha rauemi, tae atu ki ngā pānga o ngā kaupapa here a te iwi whānui pērā i ngā taake, ngā tautoko, te hokohoko ā-ao, me ngā ture. Nā te whānuitanga o te whānuitanga, e kiia ana te ariā taurite whānui he "mahere nui" e whakaatu ana i te mahi a te ōhanga whānui.
Ngā Pūtake me te Whanaketanga o Mua
Ko te ariā o te taurite whānui i ahu mai i ngā whakaaro o ngā tohunga ōhanga o te rautau 19, inā koa ko Léon Walras, nāna i whakawhanake he tauira pāngarau hei whakaatu i te whakarerekētanga o ngā utu kia eke ai te mākete katoa ki te taurite. Ko te ariā a Walras mō te "tâtonnement" e whakaahua ana i tētahi tukanga whakatikatika utu whakamātautau-ā-hē: ki te nui rawa te tono mō tētahi taonga, ka piki te utu; ki te nui rawa te tuku, ka heke te utu. Ahakoa he whakamārama ake tēnei tukanga i te whakaahuatanga tūturu o ngā tikanga mākete, nā ōna whakaaro i whakatakoto te ara mō te whanaketanga o ngā ariā ōkawa e kaha haere ana te pakari.
I te rautau 20, i whakakahangia te ariā taurite whānui e ngā takoha a ngā tohunga ōhanga pērā i a Kenneth Arrow, Gérard Debreu, me Lionel McKenzie. I whakaaturia e rātou mā te pāngarau ngā āhuatanga e taea ai te noho taurite whānui me te whai hua. He tohu nui te mahi a Arrow rāua ko Debreu nā te mea i whakaatuhia, i raro i ētahi whakaaro, ka taea e ngā mākete whakataetae te whakaputa i ngā tohatoha rauemi Pareto-tino pai.
Ngā Wāhanga Matua: Ngā Kaihoko, Ngā Kaihanga, me Ngā Mākete
I roto i te anga taurite whānui, ka whakatauirahia te ōhanga hei kohinga o ngā kaihoko ōhanga:
1. Ngā kaihoko (ngā whare): he pai ki a rātou ngā taonga me ngā ratonga, tae atu ki ngā here tahua i runga i te moni whiwhi. Ko te whāinga a te kaihoko he whakanui i te whai huatanga mā te whiriwhiri i te huinga kai pai rawa atu.
2. Ngā Kaihanga (ngā kamupene): he hangarau whakaputa kei a rātou hei huri i ngā whakaurunga (ngā mahi, ngā whakapaipai) hei putanga. Ko te whāinga a te kaihanga he whakanui i ngā hua mā te whiriwhiri i te taumata whakaputa tino pai me te whakamahinga whakaurunga.
3. Mākete: te wāhi e tūtaki ai te tuku me te tono. Ko ngā utu he tohu e whakarite ana i ngā whakataunga a te kaihoko me te kaihanga. I roto i tēnei ariā, kāore ngā utu e whakatauhia mō te taonga kotahi anake, engari mō ngā taonga me ngā āhuatanga whakaputa katoa.
Ka tutuki te taurite whānui ina rite ngā whakataunga a ngā kaihoko katoa tetahi ki tetahi. Hei tauira, ka tukuna e ngā whare he kaimahi, ka utua e ngā kamupene he kaimahi, ā, ka whakatikatikahia ngā utu kia taurite ai te mākete mahi. I taua wā anō, me ōrite te putanga i whakaputaina e ngā kamupene ki te putanga i pau (i whakangaohia rānei) e ngā whare, kia taurite ai te mākete taonga.
Te Tikanga o te Hanganga Taurite
Ko te pūnaha utu te mea nui ki te ariā taurite whānui. He tikanga mōhiohio ngā utu: ina iti te taonga, ka piki ake te utu, ka akiaki i ngā kaihanga ki te whakanui ake i te whakaputanga me ngā kaihoko ki te whakaiti i te tono. I tetahi atu taha, ina nui te moni, ka heke ngā utu, ka heke te whakaputanga me te pikinga o te kai.
I whakaahuahia e Walras tēnei whakatikatika mā te tâtonnement, engari i roto i ngā mahi mākete tūturu, ka puta te whakatikatika mā roto i ngā whakawhitiwhitinga tonu. Kāore te ariā taurite whānui e aro tonu ana ki ngā tukanga hihiri, engari e aro ana ki te āhua whakamutunga (taurite) me ōna āhuatanga.
Te Ariā Whai Hua me te Oranga
Ko tētahi take he nui te awe o te ariā taurite whānui ko tōna hononga ki te ariā o te whai huatanga ōhanga. I roto i te ōhanga oranga, e rua ngā ariā nui:
1. Te Ariā Oranga Tuatahi: I raro i ngā āhuatanga mākete whakataetae tino pai, he Pareto-whai hua ngā taurite whānui katoa. Ko te tikanga tēnei kāore he huarahi hei whakapai ake i te noho o tētahi me te kore e whakakino ake i te noho o tētahi atu.
2. Te Ariā Tuarua mō te Oranga: ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā tohatoha Pareto whai hua katoa mā te whakamahi i tētahi tikanga mākete whakataetae, mena he tohatoha tuatahi tika o ngā rauemi (hei tauira, mā roto i ngā whakawhiti moni kotahi).
Heoi, e whakawhirinaki ana tēnei ariā ki ngā whakapae kaha, pērā i te kore o ngā āhuatanga o waho, ngā mōhiohio tino tika, me ngā mākete katoa. Ina kore ēnei whakapae e tutuki, ka kore pea e whai hua ngā putanga mākete, ā, me whai kaupapa here kāwanatanga pea.
Ngā Whakamahinga i roto i te Kaupapa Here me te Tātari Ōhanga
Ko te ariā taurite whānui te pūtake mō ngā taputapu tātari kaupapa here maha. Ko tētahi whakamahinga ko te tauira Taurite Whānui Ka Taea te Whakamārama (CGE), e whakamahia ana hei whakatauira i te pānga o ngā kaupapa here taake, ngā tautoko, ngā huringa o ngā tari kawemai, ngā ohorere ōhanga rānei ki te ōhanga katoa. Hei tauira, ina whakapiki ake te kāwanatanga i ngā taake wahie, ka taea e te tātari taurite whānui te whakatau tata i te pānga ki ngā utu kawe waka, ngā utu whakaputa i roto i ētahi atu rāngai, ngā moni whiwhi ā-whare, tae atu ki ngā taumata kai me te haumi whānui.
I roto i te hokohoko ā-ao, ka āwhina te ariā taurite whānui ki te whakamārama i te pānga o ngā panonitanga o ngā utu whanaunga i waenga i ngā whenua ki ngā tauira o te motuhaketanga, te rere o ngā taonga, me te oranga. Ka whakamahia hoki tēnei tātaritanga i roto i te rangahau i te kore taurite o te whiwhinga moni, i te mea ka pāngia te tohatoha whānui o te whiwhinga moni e ngā panonitanga o ngā mākete mahi me ngā mākete whakapaipai.
Ngā Here me te Whakahē
Ahakoa te kaha o te ariā, he maha ngā herenga o te ariā taurite whānui. Tuatahi, he maha ngā whakaaro e whakamahia ana he tino pai rawa atu: te whakataetae tino tika, te mōhiohio katoa, me ngā kaiwhakahaere ōhanga whaitake. Ko te mea pono, he maha ngā wā ka pāngia ngā mākete e ngā monopolies, ngā oligopolies, ngā mōhiohio kore taurite, me ngā whanonga kāore i te tino whaitake.
Tuarua, e aro nui ana tēnei ariā ki ngā āhuatanga taurite, kaua ki ngā tukanga whakatikatika. Ka pāngia ngā ōhanga tūturu e ngā āhuatanga uaua, ngā ohorere, me ngā āwangawanga ka taea te whakaroa i te whakatikatika, te aukati rānei i te taurite pumau kia eke ki te taumata e hiahiatia ana.
Tuatoru, kāore te taurite whānui i te ahurei i ngā wā katoa. I ētahi tauira, tera pea he nui atu i te kotahi te taurite, ā, he uaua ki te matapae i te putanga whakamutunga me te kore he kōrero tāpiri mō te whakaritenga, ngā tumanakohanga, ngā umanga rānei.
Tuawhā, kāore ngā take o te tohatoha me te tika e whakautua aunoatia e te whai huatanga o Pareto anake. Ahakoa he whai hua te tohatoha, ka kiia tonu he koretake mēnā he nui ngā rauemi e kohikohia ana ki tētahi rōpū motuhake.
Te Katinga
Ka tukuna e te Ariā Ōhanga Whānui he anga whānui hei mārama ki te hononga me te whakarerekētanga o ngā mākete rerekē o te ōhanga mā roto i te pūnaha utu. Mā te whakanoho i ngā kaihoko, ngā kaihanga, me ngā mākete ki roto i tētahi tauira kotahi, ka āwhina te ariā ki te whakamārama i te hanganga utu, te tohatoha rauemi, me ngā pānga kaupapa here whānui. Ahakoa ōna herenga nā ōna whakaaro pai me te arotahi ki ngā āhua mutunga, kei te noho tonu te ariā taurite whānui hei turanga nui mō te tātari ōhanga hou—i roto i te rangahau mātauranga me te whakatakotoranga kaupapa here tūmatanui. Mā te mārama ake ki tēnei ariā, ka taea e tātou te titiro ki te ōhanga ehara i te mea he kohinga mākete takitahi, engari he pūnaha e awe ana tetahi ki tetahi, e hanga ana i te oranga o te hapori whānui.
