Te Ariā Whanaketanga Matarohia me tōna Hiranga ki ngā Whenua Whakawhanake
Kāore e taea te wehewehe i ngā kōrero mō te whanaketanga ōhanga mai i ngā ariā tawhito, nā rātou i whakatakoto ngā turanga tuatahi mō ngā tirohanga mō te tipu, te kohikohinga whakapaipai, te tūranga o te mahi, me ngā tikanga mākete. Ahakoa i whānau mai i roto i te horopaki Pākehā o te rautau 18 ki te tīmatanga o te rautau 19, kei te whakamahia tonutia te ariā whanaketanga tawhito hei mārama ki ngā nekehanga o ngā whenua whakawhanake i ēnei rā. Ka whakamāramahia e tēnei tuhinga ngā kaupapa matua o te ariā whanaketanga tawhito, ōna āhua matua, me tōna hiranga ki te aro atu ki ngā wero whanaketanga i roto i ngā whenua whakawhanake.
Te Mārama ki te Ariā Whanaketanga Matarohia
Ko te ariā whanaketanga tawhito e ahu mai ana i ngā whakaaro o ngā tohunga ōhanga tawhito—pērā i a Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Thomas Robert Malthus, me John Stuart Mill—nāna i whakanui te tūranga o ngā mākete, te wehewehenga o te mahi, te kohikohinga whakapaipai, me te hokohoko hei kaiārahi mō te whai rawa. Mai i te tirohanga tawhito, ko te tipu ōhanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te taunekeneke i waenga i ngā āhuatanga whakaputa (whenua, mahi, me te whakapaipai), te taumata o te penapena me te haumi, me ngā whakatenatena i hangaia e te tikanga utu.
Ahakoa kāore i te tino uaua te kupu "whanaketanga" i taua wā pērā i tōna āhua o nāianei (e whakauru ana i te mātauranga, te hauora, te ōritetanga ira tangata, me te taiao), ko te kaupapa matua o te whakaaro tawhito ko te ngana ki te mārama me pēhea te whakapiki ake i te putanga me te oranga o tētahi ōhanga i roto i tētahi huarahi pumau.
Adam Smith: Te Wehenga Mahi me te "Ringa Kāore e Kitea"
I roto i tana mahi, The Wealth of Nations (1776), i whakanui a Adam Smith ko te whai rawa o te iwi kei runga i te whakaputa hua. Ka piki ake te hua mā te wehewehe i te mahi, te tohungatanga, me te whakawhānui i te mākete. Ina whai ngā tāngata i ō rātou ake hiahia i roto i te mākete whakataetae, ka ārahihia e te "ringa ngaro" ngā rauemi ki te whakamahinga tino whai hua.
Ko te hiranga mō ngā whenua whakawhanake e kitea ana i roto i te whakaaro o te whakapiki i te hua mā te ahumahi, te whakapai ake i te āhuarangi pakihi, me te whakauru i ngā mākete ā-rohe. He maha ngā whenua whakawhanake e pāngia ana e te wehewehenga o te mākete nā te ngoikore o ngā hanganga, te nui o ngā utu kawe, me ngā ture whakawhāiti. I roto i te anga a Smith, ka whakaitihia e ēnei arai te whānui o te mākete, ka pehi hoki i ngā whakatenatena mō te motuhaketanga, ka uaua ai te whakapiki i te hua.
David Ricardo: Painga Whakataurite me te Tauhokohoko
E mōhiotia ana a David Ricardo mō tana ariā mō te painga whakataurite: me tohunga ngā whenua ki te whakaputa taonga me te utu whai wāhitanga iti rawa, ā, me te whakawhitiwhiti i aua taonga mā te hokohoko ā-ao. Ka piki ake te putanga katoa o te ao, ā, ka taea e ia whenua te whai hua mai i te hokohoko.
Mō ngā whenua whakawhanake, ko tēnei ariā te pūtake o ngā rautaki kaweake me te whakaurunga ōhanga o te ao. Hei tauira, ka taea e ngā whenua he nui ngā kaimahi te angitu i roto i ngā hua e nui ana te mahi. Heoi, he tautohenga anō hoki tōna whakamahinga. Mena ka whakawhirinaki tonu ngā whenua whakawhanake ki ngā kaweake taonga tuatahi, ki ngā mahi hanga hangarau iti rānei, ka tūpono rātou ki te whakawhirinaki, ki ngā piki me ngā heke o ngā utu, me te uaua ki te neke ake i te mekameka uara o te ao. Nō reira, he maha ngā tohunga ōhanga whanaketanga o ēnei rā e whakapono ana he hihiri te painga whakataurite: ka taea e ngā whenua te hanga painga hou mā roto i ngā kaupapa here mātauranga, hangarau, me ngā kaupapa here ahumahi e tika ana.
Thomas Malthus: Te Taupori me te Pēhanga ki ngā Rauemi
I tautohe a Thomas Robert Malthus, ko te tipu o te taupori ka tere ake i te whakaputanga kai. Ki te kore e āraihia, ka taea e te pēhanga taupori te arahi ki te rawakore nā te iti o ngā rauemi. Ahakoa kāore anō kia tino tutuki ngā matapae a Malthus i roto i te maha o ngā whenua whakawhanake (nā te huringa hangarau i roto i te ahuwhenua tētahi wāhanga), kei te whai tikanga tonu ana whakaaro i roto i ētahi whenua whakawhanake e pāngia ana e ngā wero o te haumarutanga kai, te kore mahi, me te tere o te noho tāone.
He maha ngā wā ka pāngia ngā whenua whakawhanake e tipu nui ana te taupori e ngā matea nui mō te whakarato ratonga tūmatanui: te mātauranga, te hauora, te whare, te wai ma, me ngā mahi. Mēnā kāore e ranea te tipu ōhanga hei mimiti i te hunga mahi tāpiri, ka piki ake te kore mahi me te rāngai kāore i te whaimana. Arā, ko te "pēhanga taupori" he take matua tonu, ahakoa he uaua ake ngā mea e whakatau ana i tēnei wā i te mahi kai noa iho.
John Stuart Mill: Ngā Whare me ngā Here ki te Tipu
I whakawhānui ake a John Stuart Mill i ngā whakaaro tawhito mā te whakanui i ngā taha whakahaere me ngā taha matatika. I kōrero ia mō te āheinga o tētahi "āhua tūmau," arā, he āhua e puhoi ai te tipu ōhanga nā te iti o ngā rauemi me te iti o ngā whai wāhitanga mō te haumitanga whai hua. I titiro anō hoki a Mill ki te tohatoha o te taonga ehara i te mea he hua tūturu noa iho o te mākete engari he awe pea nō ngā kaupapa here me ngā umanga pāpori.
Mō ngā whenua whakawhanake, he mea tino hira ngā whakaaro o Mill mō te hiranga o ngā umanga. Ehara i te mea ko te whakapaipai me te mahi anake te mea e whakatau ana i te tipu ōhanga, engari ko te kounga o te kāwanatanga, te tino pono o te ture, te tiakitanga o ngā mana whenua, me ngā kaupapa here tūmatanui tika. He maha ngā wā ka pāngia ngā whenua ngoikore o ngā umanga e te pirau, te koretake o te mahi, me te koretake o te māramatanga, e whakararu ana i te haumi.
Te Hiranga o te Ariā Matarohia ki ngā Kaupapa Here Whakawhanake o ngā Whenua Whakawhanake
Hei whakarāpopototanga, he maha ngā akoranga matua o te ariā tawhito e whakamahia tonutia ana i ēnei rā:
1. Te hua hei kaupapa matua o te whanaketanga. Ko te wehewehenga o te mahi, te tohungatanga, me te auahatanga tonu ngā mea matua. Ko ngā whenua whakawhanake angitu ka taea te whakanui ake i te hua i roto i ngā rāngai ahuwhenua me te hanga mā te hangarau, te whakangungu kaimahi, me ngā hanganga.
2. Te hiranga o te kohikohi whakapaipai me te haumi. Ko te whakaaro tawhito e aro nui ana ki te penapena me te haumi hei whakawhānui i te kaha whakaputa. He maha ngā wā ka pāngia ngā whenua whakawhanake e ngā herenga pūtea, e hiahiatia ana he pūnaha pūtea pakari, he pumau ōhanga whānui, me ngā kaupapa here e whakatenatena ana i te haumi mō te wā roa.
3. Ka taea e te hokohoko te noho hei miihini mō te tipu. Ko te painga whakataurite te mea e akiaki ana i te whakaurunga o te ao. Heoi, ka ara ake he tautohetohe mō te huarahi e taea ai e ngā whenua whakawhanake te karo i te mahanga o te tohungatanga ki ngā taonga iti te uara tāpiri. Koinei te wāhi e tino hira ai te kanorau kaweake me ngā rautaki whakapai ake ahumahi.
4. Te kounga o te taupori me ngā rauemi tangata. Ka taea te whakamaori anō i ngā āwangawanga a Malthus ki ngā hiahia whakahaere taupori: te mātauranga, te hauora uri, te waihanga mahi, me te hua o te mahi.
5. Ngā umanga hei whakaritenga matua. Ahakoa kāore anō kia kaha pērā i te ariā umanga hou, i puta ake ngā purapura o tēnei whakaaro i Mill. Ko te kāwanatanga pai, te ture whai hua, me te kāwanatanga e kaha ana ki te whakarato i ngā taonga tūmatanui, koia ēnei whakaritenga matua kia pai ai te mahi a ngā tikanga mākete.
Ngā Here o te Ariā Whanaketanga Matarohia
Ahakoa he mea nui, he herenga anō ō te ariā tawhito mēnā ka whakamahia noa ki te horopaki o ngā whenua whakawhanake o ēnei rā.
Tuatahi, ko te ariā tawhito e whakaaro ana ki ngā mākete whakataetae me te nekenekehanga o ngā āhuatanga whakaputa, ahakoa he maha ngā wā ka pāngia ngā whenua whakawhanake e ngā mana motuhake, te urunga kore taurite ki te whakapaipai, me ngā arai hanganga. Tuarua, kāore te ariā tawhito e aro nui ki te kore taurite pāpori, te rawakore maha-ahu, me te tūranga o te kāwanatanga i roto i te whanaketanga tangata . Tuatoru, ko ngā take taiao me te oranga tonutanga kāore i te arohia i roto i te anga tawhito, engari kei te aro atu ngā whenua whakawhanake ki ngā pānga o te huringa āhuarangi, te whakangaromanga ngahere, me te parahanga ka ārai i te tipu mō te wā roa.
Tuawhā, ko te whakawhirinaki ki ngā taonga me te ngoikore o te mana tauhokohoko i roto i te ōhanga o te ao e hiahia ana kia whānui ake te tātaritanga i tua atu i te painga whakataurite pumau. Nō reira, he maha ngā whenua e whakakotahi ana i ngā āhuatanga mākete me ngā wawaotanga rautaki mā roto i ngā kaupapa here ahumahi, te tiaki hapori, me ngā haumitanga nui ki te mātauranga me te hangarau.
Te Katinga
He tūāpapa nui te ariā whanaketanga tawhito mō te mārama ki te pānga o te hua, ngā mākete, te haumitanga, te hokohoko, me ngā whanaketanga taupori ki te tipu ōhanga . I roto i te horopaki o ngā whenua whakawhanake, he pai tonu ngā whakaaro o Adam Smith, Ricardo, Malthus, me Mill hei tīmatanga tātari. Heoi anō, me urutau te whakamahinga ki ngā āhuatanga o nāianei: te kore taurite, ngā hanganga ōhanga takirua, ngā herenga whakahaere, me ngā wero taiao.
Mā te whakakotahi i ngā akoranga mai i ngā ariā tawhito me ngā huarahi whanaketanga hou—e aro nui ana ki te whanaketanga tangata, te whakaurunga pāpori, me te oranga tonutanga—ka taea e ngā whenua whakawhanake te whakatakoto kaupapa here e kore e whai noa i te tipu, engari e whakapai ake ana hoki i te kounga whānui o te oranga mō ō rātou iwi.
