Te Tātari i te Ariā o te Tipu Ōhanga me te Whakawhanaketanga Ōhanga i roto i te Tirohanga Hou
I roto i ngā kōrero ōhanga o ēnei rā, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngātahitia ngā kupu tipu ōhanga me te whanaketanga ōhanga, me te mea he rite tonu. Heoi, mai i te tirohanga hou, he rerekē ngā arotahi, ngā āhuatanga, me ngā pānga kaupapa here. Ko te tipu ōhanga e aro nui ana ki te whakanui ake i te kaha whakaputa me te putanga katoa o te whenua, ko te whanaketanga ōhanga ia e whakaata ana i tētahi panonitanga whānui: ngā huringa o te hanganga ōhanga, ngā whakapainga o te kounga o te oranga, te whakaiti i te kore taurite, me te whakapakari i ngā umanga. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā rerekētanga ariā i waenga i ngā mea e rua, ngā tohu i whakamahia, me te hiranga o tētahi tirohanga hou ki te whakatakoto kaupapa here ōhanga.
1. Te Whakamāramatanga me te Arotahi o te Tipu Ōhanga
Ko te tipu ōhanga e whakamāramahia whānuitia ana ko te pikinga o te putanga o ngā taonga me ngā ratonga i roto i tētahi ōhanga i roto i tētahi wā kua whakaritea. Ko te mehua e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te Hua Whenua Katoa (GDP) me te Hua Whenua Katoa (GNP) i ngā utu pumau (tūturu), kia kore ai e "māmingatia" te tipu e te pikinga utu. I roto i te mahi, ko te tipu ka pūrongohia ko te ōrau pikinga o te GDP tūturu mai i tētahi tau ki tētahi tau.
I roto i te anga o te ariā ōhanga hou, ka taea te whai i ngā pūtake o te tipu ki ētahi āhuatanga matua:
1. Te kohikohinga pūtea: te pikinga o te haumi ki ngā mīhini, ngā hanganga me ngā hangarau whakaputa.
2. Te tipu o te hunga mahi: te pikinga o te tokomaha o ngā kaimahi, te pikinga rānei o ngā hāora mahi whai hua.
3. Te ahunga whakamua hangarau me te whakaputa hua: te whakapiki i te whai huatanga o te whakamahinga o ngā whakaurunga, e kiia ana ko te Whakaputa Hua Katoa (TFP).
4. Te kounga o ngā rauemi tangata: te mātauranga, te hauora, me ngā pūkenga e whakapiki ake ana i te hua.
5. Te tuwhera ōhanga me te whakaurunga o te ao: te hokohoko, ngā rerenga haumitanga ki tāwāhi, me te whakawhiti hangarau.
I roto i ngā tauira tawhito me ngā tauira neoclassical pērā i a Solow, ko te tipu mō te wā roa e tino whakatauhia ana e te ahunga whakamua o te hangarau me te hua, i te mea ka heke te hua o te kohikohinga whakapaipai. Heoi, e whakanui ana te ariā tipu taketake ka taea te "hanga" i te auahatanga, te mātauranga, me te rangahau mā roto i ngā kaupapa here, kia roa ake ai te pumau o te tipu mena ka hangaia e ngā whenua he pūnaha mātauranga pakari.
Ahakoa he mea nui, kāore te tipu ōhanga e whakamana aunoa i te oranga pai ake mō te katoa. Ka taea te piki ake o te GDP me te kore e whakaitihia te rawakore, te kore mahi, te whakapai ake rānei i te kounga o te taiao. Koinei te wāhi e tino hira ai te ariā o te whanaketanga ōhanga.
2. Te Whakamāramatanga me ngā Ahu o te Whakawhanaketanga Ōhanga
He whānui ake te whānuitanga o te whanaketanga ōhanga i te tipu. E pā ana ki te tukanga o te whakapai ake i te oranga o te tangata mā te whakarerekētanga hanganga, te whakapai ake i ngā umanga, ngā whai wāhitanga ōrite, me te whakapai ake i te kounga o te oranga. Mai i te tirohanga hou, ehara i te mea ko te whanaketanga anake e rapu ana i tētahi "pai ōhanga" nui ake engari ka whakarite hoki i tētahi tohatoha tika ake, te whakapai ake i te kounga o te oranga, me te pumau o ngā whakatipuranga.
Ko ngā āhuatanga o te whanaketanga ōhanga ko:
1. Te whakaiti i te rawakore: ehara i te mea ko te whakaiti i ngā reiti rawakore tuturu anake, engari ko te whakaiti anō hoki i te ngoikore o ngā rōpū ngoikore.
2. Te whakaiti i te kore taurite: te kore taurite o te whiwhinga moni, te kore taurite ā-rohe, me te kore taurite o te urunga atu ki ngā ratonga tūmatanui.
3. Te whakapai ake i te kounga o te tangata: te mātauranga, te hauora, te kai totika, me te whakataetae pūkenga.
4. Te panonitanga hanganga: te nekehanga mai i ngā rāngai iti te hua ki ngā rāngai nui te hua (hei tauira, mai i te ahuwhenua tuku iho ki te ahumahi/hangahanga me ngā ratonga hou).
5. Te whanaketanga o ngā umanga: te kāwanatanga, te mana o te ture, te kaha o te tari whakahaere, me te pumau o te ao tōrangapū e tautoko ana i ngā mahi ōhanga.
6. Te oranga tonutanga o te taiao: te whakarite kia kore ngā mahi ōhanga e kino ki te pūnaha rauropi e tūāpapa ana mō te ora.
Ko tētahi huarahi whai mana o ēnei rā ko te huarahi āheinga (Amartya Sen), e titiro ana ki te whanaketanga hei whakawhānui i te herekoretanga o te tangata me te kaha ki te ora i ngā oranga e whakanuia ana e rātou. Nō reira, ko te whanaketanga kei tua atu i te whakapiki i ngā whiwhinga moni, engari ko te arotahi ki te whakawhānui i ngā kōwhiringa oranga: te urunga atu ki te mātauranga, te hauora, te whai wāhi ki te pāpori me te tōrangapū, me te wairua haumaru.
3. Ngā Rerekētanga Matua: Ngā Tohu me te Whakatairanga Kaupapahere
Ka kitea mārama te rerekētanga i waenga i te tipu me te whanaketanga i roto i ngā tohu e whakamahia ana.
– Ko te tipu ōhanga ka inehia mā te:
– Te tere tipu tūturu o te GDP
– GDP mō ia tangata
– Te hua o te mahi
– Te haumitanga ā-rāngai me te putanga
– Ka inehia te whanaketanga ōhanga mā roto i ngā tohu maha-ahu, pēnei i:
– Te Tāurangi Whanaketanga Tangata (HDI): mātauranga, hauora, me te moni whiwhi
– Te taumata rawakore me te hohonutanga o te rawakore
– Tauwehenga Gini (kore taurite)
– Te kore mahi me te kounga o te mahi (te mahi tika)
– Ngā tohu taiao (ngā tukunga, te kounga o te hau/wai, te whakangaromanga o ngā ngahere)
– Ngā tohu whakahaere (te pirau, te whai huatanga o te kāwanatanga)
I roto i ngā kaupapa here, e hiahiatia ana e te tipu ngā rautaki e whakatenatena ana i te haumi me te whakaputa hua—hei tauira, te whakapai ake i te āhuarangi pakihi, te whakawhanaketanga hanganga, te whakahounga ture, me te pumau ohaoha whānui. I taua wā, e hiahiatia ana e te whanaketanga ōhanga kia whakaarohia e te kāwanatanga ngā kaupapa here whānui: te tiaki hapori, te mātauranga me te tiaki hauora ōrite, te whakawhanaketanga o ngā rohe rawakore, te whakahounga ahuwhenua, te urunga atu rānei ki ngā rawa whakaputa hua, me te whakapakari i ngā umanga.
4. Tirohanga Hou: Mai i te "Tipu Tuatahi" ki te "Tipu Whakauru me te Pumau"
I ngā wā o mua, ko te tauira matua e kī ana: "whaia te tipu teitei rawa atu, ā, ka maturuturu iho te rawaka." He nui ake te whakahē a ngā tirohanga hou i tēnei whakaaro. He maha ngā whenua i kite i te tipu nui, engari i piki ake te kore taurite, ā, i heke te nekehanga pāpori. Nō reira, i puta te ariā o te tipu whānui, arā, ko te tipu e hanga ana i ngā whai wāhitanga whānui, e whakapai ake ana i te kounga o te mahi, ā, e whakarite ana kia whai wāhi ngā rōpū ngoikore ki ngā painga o te whanaketanga.
Haunga te whakaurunga, e aro nui ana hoki te tirohanga hou ki te oranga tonutanga. Nā ngā wero o te huringa āhuarangi, te parahanga, me te raruraru koiora kanorau, kāore e ranea ngā tohu tipu anake. Ko te tipu e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakamahi rauemi me te kore e whai whakaaro ki ngā utu taiao ka taea te whakanui ake i te GDP i ēnei rā engari ka whakaiti i te oranga ā muri ake nei. Nō reira, kua tīmata te maha o ngā whenua ki te whakauru i ngā ariā o te ōhanga matomato, te whakawhiti pūngao, me te whanaketanga iti-waro hei wāhanga matua o te whanaketanga.
I tēnei ao matihiko, kei te hono haere te whanaketanga ki te kaha ki te urutau ki te hangarau: te mātauranga matihiko, te hanganga ipurangi, te tiaki raraunga, me ngā āheinga auaha. Ka taea te akiaki i te tipu e te ōhanga matihiko, engari me kaua e whakawhānui ake ngā painga o te matihiko i ngā kore taurite—hei tauira, te āputa i roto i te urunga ipurangi i waenga i ngā rohe me te āputa pūkenga.
5. Te Whakahāngai i te Tipu me te Whakawhanaketanga: Ngā Pānga Whaihua
I roto i te horopaki o ēnei rā, ehara te tipu me te whanaketanga i ngā kōwhiringa motuhake, engari he ariā e rua me whakakotahi. He mea nui te tipu hei waihanga i te wāhi pūtea (te moni whiwhi a te kāwanatanga), hei whakanui ake i te haumitanga, me te waihanga mahi. Heoi, mā te whanaketanga ka hua mai he oranga ōrite me te pumau i tēnei tukanga.
Ko ētahi rautaki whakataurite e kōrerohia whānuitia ana ko:
1. Te haumi ki te tangata: te whakapakari i te mātauranga mahi, te hauora tuatahi, me te kai totika hei whakapiki i te hua me te kounga o te oranga.
2. Te whakahounga o te mākete mahi tika: te whakatenatena i te waihanga mahi ōkawa me te tiaki i ngā kaimahi me te kore e whakamate i te ngāwari o te ōhanga.
3. Te whakawhanaketanga o ngā hanganga e whakaiti ana i ngā rerekētanga ā-rohe: te hono i ngā rohe kāore i te tino whanake ki ngā pokapū ōhanga.
4. Kaupapa here ahumahi me te auahatanga: te whakatenatena i te whakapai ake i ngā taonga mata ki ngā hua tāpiri uara me ngā hua hangarau.
5. Te tiaki hapori urutau: he āwhina hāngai, he aro ki ngā āhuatanga ohorere, me te whakatenatena i te mana motuhake ōhanga.
6. Whakawhiti matomato: te whakakotahitanga o te tipu me te whai huatanga o te pūngao, te pūngao hou, me te whakapakari i te manawanui ki te āhuarangi.
Whakamutunga
He ariā e rua e hono tahi ana, engari ehara i te mea ōrite. Ko te tipu e aro nui ana ki te whakapiki i te putanga me te kaha whakaputa, ko te whanaketanga ia e hiahia ana ki ngā huringa whānui ake: te whakaiti i te rawakore, te whakaiti i te kore taurite, te whanaketanga tangata, te whakapakari i ngā umanga, me te pumau o te taiao. Ko te tirohanga hou e aro nui ana ko te angitu o te ōhanga ehara i te mea ko te GDP anake engari ko te kounga o te oranga me ngā whai wāhitanga e pā ana ki te taupori whānui. Nō reira, me ārahi te kaupapa here o nāianei i te tipu ki te whakauru, te pumau, me te kaha ki te hanga i tētahi turanga mō te whai rawa mō te wā roa.
