Te Tūranga o te Kohikohi Pūtea i roto i te Whakawhanaketanga Ōhanga
He tukanga roa te whanaketanga ōhanga e tohuhia ana e te pikinga o te kaha whakaputa, te pikinga o te moni whiwhi, me te whakapainga o te kounga o te oranga, me te nekehanga o te hanganga ōhanga mai i ngā rāngai iti te hua ki ngā rāngai teitei ake te hua. Ko tētahi o ngā kaupapa matua e kōrerohia ana i roto i te ariā me te kaupapa here whanaketanga ko te kohikohinga whakapaipai. Ko te kohikohinga whakapaipai e pā ana ki te tukanga o te whakanui ake i te rawa whakapaipai o tētahi whenua—ahakoa he mīhini, he hanganga, he hangarau, he whakapaipai tangata rānei—e whakamahia ana hei whakaputa taonga me ngā ratonga. I roto i te horopaki o ngā whenua whakawhanake, he maha ngā wā ka kiia te kohikohinga whakapaipai he mea e tika ana mō te whakatere i te tipu me te hopu i te tipu.
Te Whakamāramatanga me ngā Momo o te Kohikohi Pūtea
I te nuinga o te wā, ka puta te kohikohinga whakapaipai ina kore tetahi wāhanga o te moni whiwhi e pau tonu, engari ka penapenahia, ka whakangaohia anō. Mā tēnei haumitanga ka hangaia he whakapaipai hou, ka whakapai ake rānei i te kounga o te whakapaipai o nāianei. Ka taea te wehewehe i te whakapaipai i roto i te ōhanga ki ētahi momo.
Tuatahi, ko ngā pūtea ā-tinana, pērā i ngā wheketere, ngā mīhini whakaputa, ngā taputapu ahuwhenua, ngā rori, ngā tauranga, me ngā whatunga hiko. Ka whakanui tika te pūtea ā-tinana i te kaha whakaputa nā te mea ka taea e te mahi te whakaputa i te nui ake o ngā hua me ngā taputapu pai ake.
Tuarua, ko te pūtea tangata, arā, ko ngā pūkenga, ngā pūkenga, te hauora, me te mōhiotanga o te hunga mahi. Ko ngā haumitanga ki te mātauranga me te hauora he momo kohikohi pūtea tangata ka taea te whakanui ake i te hua, te whakawhānui ake i ngā whai wāhitanga mahi, me te whakatenatena i te auahatanga.
Tuatoru, ko te pūtea hangarau me te mātauranga, e kapi ana i te rangahau, te auahatanga, te tango hangarau, me te whakahaere whakahaere whai hua ake. I roto i te maha o ngā whenua whakawhanake, ko te kaupapa matua o te tipu ehara i te tāpiri noa i ngā mīhini, engari ko te ahunga whakamua hangarau me te auahatanga.
Tuawhā, ko te whakapaipai pāpori me te whakapaipai whare, pērā i te whakawhirinaki, ngā whatunga mahi tahi, te tino pono o te ture, me te kounga o te tari. Ahakoa he iti ake te kitea i te whakapaipai tinana, ka taea e ngā āhuatanga whare kaha te whakatere i te haumi me te whakaiti i ngā utu tauwhitinga.
Te Kohikohi Pūtea hei Ārahi i te Tipu Ōhanga
I roto i te ariā tipu tawhito me te neoclassical, he mahi nui te kohikohinga whakapaipai. I te pikinga ake o te haumitanga, ka whānui ake te rawa whakapaipai, ka piki ake te putanga ā-motu (GDP). Mēnā he pai ake ngā mīhini me ngā hanganga, ka piki ake te hua o te mahi: ka taea e ngā kaimahi he urunga pumau ki te hiko, he pai te kawe waka, me ngā tikanga whakaputa hou te whakaputa i ngā mea maha atu i ngā kaimahi e mahi ana i ngā mahi tuku iho.
I ngā whenua whakawhanake, he arai nui te iti o te pūtea. He maha ngā rāngai whakaputa hua kāore e whanake nā te korenga o te pūtea hei hoko taputapu, hei hanga whare whakaputa, hei whakawhānui rānei i ngā pakihi. Nō reira, ko te kohikohi pūtea te mea nui ki te wawahi i te huringa o te iti o te hua e arahi ana ki te iti o te moni whiwhi, e arahi ana ki te iti o te penapena, ā, ko te iti o te penapena ka arahi ki te iti o te haumi.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, he pānga whakarea te haumi ki ngā hanganga tūmatanui pēnei i ngā rori, te whakamakuku whenua, ngā tauranga, me ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero. Ka whakaitihia e ngā hanganga ngā utu tohatoha, ka whakaitihia te mōrearea o ngā whakaroa, ka whakawhānui ake i te urunga ki te mākete, ā, ka akiaki i te tipu o ngā rāngai hou. Ka taea e te kohikohinga whakapaipai kua arotahihia te whakaoho i tētahi panonitanga hanganga mai i tētahi ōhanga ahuwhenua ki tētahi ōhanga ahumahi me te ratonga hou.
Te Hononga i waenganui i te Kohikohi Pūtea, te Penapena, me te Pūtea
Kāore e taea te kohikohi pūtea me te kore he pūtake pūtea. Ko ngā pūtake matua o te kohikohi pūtea ko ngā penapena ā-rohe (ngā whare, ngā umanga, me ngā kāwanatanga) me ngā rerenga pūtea mai i tāwāhi (te haumi tika ki tāwāhi, ngā nama, me te āwhina whanaketanga).
I roto i te ōhanga, ko te penapena te "wahie" mō te haumi. Ina teitei te reiti penapena ā-motu, ka nui ake te wāhi o te whenua ki te putea i ngā kaupapa whai hua me te kore e whakawhirinaki ki te nama o waho. Heoi, he maha ngā whenua whakawhanake e pāngia ana e te iti o ngā penapena nā te iti o te moni whiwhi mō ia tangata, te kore taurite, me te iti o te urunga atu ki ngā umanga pūtea.
Nō reira, he maha ngā wā ka tautokohia ngā rerenga pūtea o tāwāhi. Hei tauira, ko te Pūtea Hāngai Tika ki Tāwāhi (FDI) ehara i te mea ko ngā moni anake engari ko te hangarau, te whakahaere, me te urunga atu ki ngā mākete o te ao. Heoi, me āta whakahaere te whakawhirinaki ki te pūtea o tāwāhi kia kore ai e puta he ngoikoretanga, pērā i te pēhanga o te utu whakawhiti, te taumahatanga nama, te whakahokinga hua nui rawa atu rānei ki te kāinga.
Te Kohikohi Pūtea me te Hua: Ehara i te mea ko te Whakanui i te Pūtea anake
Ahakoa he mea nui te kohikohinga pūtea, kāore te pikinga o te haumitanga e whakamana aunoa i te kounga o te whanaketanga. Nā te mea he nui te awe o te whai huatanga o te pūtea e te āhua o te tohatoha me te whakahaere. Ko ngā haumitanga nui, he hē te aronga—hei tauira, ngā kaupapa hanganga kāore he rangahau whaihua, te pirau, te whanaketanga rānei e kore e pā ki ngā hiahia ahumahi—ka hua ake he "pūtea mangere" kāore e whakapiki ake i te hua.
I tētahi atu taha, ka taea e ngā haumitanga iti engari e tika ana te whakahaere te whai pānga nui. Hei tauira, mā te whakawhanaketanga tika o te whakamakuku i ngā rohe ahuwhenua ka taea te whakanui ake i ngā hua, te whakanui ake i ngā moni whiwhi a ngā kaimahi pāmu, me te whakatenatena i te whanaketanga o te rāngai tukatuka kai. Arā, he rite tonu te hiranga o te kounga o te haumitanga ki te rahinga.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, kei roto i te ariā tipu neoclassical te ariā o te whakaiti i ngā hokinga mai o te whakapaipai ā-tinana. I te pikinga ake o te whakapaipai, ka heke te putanga tāpiri mai i ia waeine whakapaipai hou, ki te kore e haere tahi me te ahunga whakamua hangarau. E kī ana tēnei me whakakotahi te kohikohi whakapaipai me te auahatanga i roto i te whanaketanga mō te wā roa.
Te Kohikohi Pūtea Tangata i roto i te Whakawhanaketanga Ōhanga
Ko te mahi a te kohikohinga rawa tangata te mea e rerekē ai ngā whenua e angitu ana ki te whanaketanga me ngā whenua e noho pōturi ana. Mā te mātauranga ka whakapai ake i ngā pūkenga, ka tere ake te whakamahi i te hangarau, ka whakawhānui ake hoki i te kaha auaha. I taua wā, mā te hauora ka whakapai ake i te hua mā te whakaiti i ngā mate, te whakanui ake i te kaha mahi, me te whakanui ake i te roanga o te oranga.
Ko ngā whenua e nui ana te haumi ki te mātauranga taketake, te whakangungu mahi, me te rangahau whare wānanga, he pai ake te rite ki te aro atu ki ngā huringa ōhanga o te ao. I tēnei wā o te ōhanga matihiko me te aunoatanga, he mea nui ake te pūtea tangata, nā te mea ka taea te whakakapi i ngā mahi noa e ngā mīhini, engari ko ngā mahi nui te uara e hiahia ana ki ngā pūkenga tātari, auaha, me te urutau.
Ngā Wero me ngā Mōrearea i roto i te Kohikohi Pūtea
He maha ngā wero e pā ana ki te kohikohinga pūtea. Ko te tuatahi ko te kore taurite. Mena ka whai hua anake te kohikohinga pūtea ki ētahi rōpū, ka piki ake pea te tipu ōhanga, engari kāore e whānui. Ka taea e te kore taurite te whakaiti i te mana hoko, te whakanui ake i te pakanga pāpori, me te whakararu i te pumau ōhanga.
Tuarua, ko te mōrearea nama. Me whakarite e ngā kāwanatanga e kaha ana te whakawhanake me te putea nama kia whai hua ā rātou kaupapa kia taea ai e rātou te whakaputa moni ā muri ake nei. Ki te kore, ka noho te nama hei kawenga, ā, ka whakaiti i te wāhi putea mō ngā ratonga tūmatanui.
Tuatoru ko te take taiao. Ko te kohikohinga pūtea e kore e aro ki te oranga tonutanga—hei tauira, te whanaketanga ahumahi me te kore whakahaere para, te whakamahinga nui rānei o ngā rauemi taiao—ka pāngia e ngā utu pāpori nui. Ko te whanaketanga o ēnei rā e hiahia ana ki ngā haumitanga e pai ana ki te taiao me te whai hua o te pūngao kia kore ai e whakararu te tipu i ngā turanga o te oranga hapori.
Tuawhā ko te kounga o ngā umanga. He nui te awe o te tūmāu ture, te pūnaha whakahaere whai hua, me te iti o te pirau ki te āhuarangi haumi. Ki te kore he umanga pakari, ka nui te utu me te mōrearea o te haumi, ka puhoi ai te kohikohinga pūtea.
Rautaki hei Whakapakari i te Kohikohi Pūtea mō te Whakawhanaketanga
Hei whakanui ake i te mahi a te kohikohinga whakapaipai, he maha ngā kaupapa here ka taea te mahi. Ka taea e te kāwanatanga te whakatenatena i te penapena me te haumi mā te pumau o te ōhanga, te whakahaere i te pikinga utu, me te pūnaha pūtea whakauru. He mea nui anō hoki te whakahoutanga tari me te tino pono o ngā ture mō te whakapono o ngā kaipupuri moni.
I tētahi atu taha, me aro te haumi a te iwi whānui ki ngā rāngai he whānui ngā pānga, pērā i ngā hanganga taketake, te mātauranga, te hauora, me te rangahau hangarau. Mā te mahi tahi a te kāwanatanga, te rāngai tūmataiti, me ngā whare wānanga ka taea te whakapakari i te pūnaha auaha. Hei tāpiri, mā ngā kaupapa here ahumahi atamai—pērā i te whakapakari i ngā mekameka tuku ā-rohe me te whakanui ake i te uara tāpiri—ka taea te whakarite kia tino akiakihia te huringa ōhanga e te pūtea kua kohia, kaua ki te tāpiri noa i te kaha me te kore he mākete.
Whakamutunga
He wāhanga nui te kohikohinga pūtea o te whanaketanga ōhanga nā te mea ka whakanui ake i te kaha whakaputa, ka whakapai ake i te hua, ka whakateretere i te panonitanga hanganga, ā, ka waihanga mahi. Heoi, kaua te kohikohinga pūtea e mārama ko te pikinga anake o te haumitanga ā-tinana. Ko tōna whai huatanga ka awehia nuitia e te kounga o te tohatoha, te tautoko hangarau, te pūtea tangata, ngā umanga kaha, me te pumau o te taiao. Mēnā he rautaki tika, ka taea e te kohikohinga pūtea te noho hei huarahi matua mō te tipu teitei, pumau, me te whānui—te whanaketanga ōhanga e tino whakapai ake ana i te oranga o te hapori whānui.
