Kev Taw Qhia Txog Kev Ua Liaj Ua Teb Niaj Hnub
Kev ua cov tsiaj txhu yog ib qho kev ua ub ua no uas hloov cov khoom tsiaj txhu ua cov khoom noj thiab cov khoom tsis yog khoom noj uas muaj kev nyab xeeb dua, zoo dua, muaj nqis ntxiv, thiab muaj lub sijhawm khaws cia ntev dua. Hauv lub caij nyoog niaj hnub no, kev ua cov tsiaj txhu tsis yog pom tias yog ib qho txheej txheem "kev khaws cia" xwb, tab sis yog ib feem ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus - txij li kev ua liaj ua teb tsiaj txhu, kev tua tsiaj, kev ua, kev ntim khoom, kev faib khoom, mus rau kev lees paub zoo thiab kev taug qab. Kev nce qib ntawm cov neeg siv khoom txog kev nyab xeeb zaub mov, kev noj haus, thiab kev ruaj khov ntawm ib puag ncig kuj yog kev tsav tsheb tsim cov thev naus laus zis tshiab thiab cov qauv hauv qhov kev lag luam no.
Scope ntawm cov khoom ua tiav ntawm cov tsiaj txhu
Cov khoom tsiaj txhu muaj xws li nqaij (nyuj, tshis, yaj, qaib), mis nyuj, qe, thiab cov khoom seem xws li tawv nqaij, pob txha, ntshav, thiab rog. Hauv txoj kev niaj hnub no, txhua qhov ntawm cov tsiaj txhu raug siv zoo tshaj plaws los ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm cov saw hlau muaj nqis thiab xoom pov tseg. Piv txwv li, nqaij raug ua tiav rau hauv cov khoom tshiab, khov, thiab npaj txhij noj; mis nyuj rau hauv pasteurized, UHT, yogurt, cheese, lossis mis hmoov; qe rau hauv cov qe kua pasteurized, qe ntsev niaj hnub, lossis cov khoom siv raw rau kev lag luam bakery. Cov khoom seem kuj tseem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev lag luam - tawv nqaij rau kev lag luam tawv, pob txha rau gelatin / collagen, rog rau hauv shortening lossis biodiesel, thiab txawm tias ntshav tuaj yeem siv rau pub lossis chiv tom qab ua tiav zoo.
Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ua cov khoom tsiaj txhu
Feem ntau, kev ua cov tsiaj txhu niaj hnub no lub hom phiaj yog: (1) txhim kho kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov zaub mov los ntawm kev txo cov kab mob me me, tshuaj lom neeg, thiab lub cev; (2) txuas lub sijhawm khaws cia los ntawm kev txias, khov, ziab, fermentation, lossis sterilization; (3) nce tus nqi ntxiv los ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm cov khoom, txhim kho saj, thiab yooj yim ntawm kev noj; (4) tswj kev muab khoom thiab tus nqi, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lub caij sau qoob loo lossis lub sijhawm tsim khoom ntau; thiab (5) ua tau raws li cov neeg siv khoom nyiam sib txawv, xws li cov khoom uas muaj roj tsawg, cov protein ntau, tsis muaj lactose, lossis cov khoom uas npaj txhij ua noj thiab npaj txhij noj.
Cov ntsiab cai ntawm kev nyab xeeb thiab kev tu cev ntawm cov khoom noj
Kev nyab xeeb ntawm zaub mov yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua cov khoom noj niaj hnub no. Cov khoom tsiaj txhu muaj protein thiab dej ntau, ua rau lawv yooj yim rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob me me. Yog li ntawd, kev siv Cov Kev Ua Haujlwm Zoo (GMP) thiab Cov Txheej Txheem Ua Haujlwm Huv Si (SSOP) yog cov qauv tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau siv, txij li kev huv ntawm cov chaw, cov khoom siv, cov dej ua haujlwm, cov neeg ua haujlwm, thiab kev tswj kab tsuag. Ntxiv mus, lub kaw lus Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Kev Phom Sij thiab Cov Ntsiab Lus Tswj Xyuas Tseem Ceeb (HACCP) yog siv los txheeb xyuas cov kev phom sij thiab cov ntsiab lus tswj xyuas tseem ceeb, xws li qhov kub thiab txias hauv kev ua kom mis nyuj pasteurization, qhov kub thiab txias hauv kev ua cov khoom noj ua tiav, lossis kev sib kis kab mob hauv thaj chaw tua tsiaj.
Qhov txheej txheem txias kuj tseem ceeb heev. Cov nqaij tshiab yuav tsum khaws cia rau qhov kub thiab txias kom tiv thaiv kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob thiab tswj qhov zoo ntawm kev hnov. Kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov kub thaum lub sijhawm faib khoom tuaj yeem ua rau kev puas tsuaj sai dua thiab ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev nyab xeeb zaub mov. Hauv cov lag luam niaj hnub no, kev saib xyuas qhov kub thiab txias yog ua los ntawm kev siv cov ntaub ntawv sau thiab cov txheej txheem taug qab tso cai rau cov khoom raug taug qab yog tias muaj teeb meem.
Kev siv tshuab ua nqaij niaj hnub
Kev ua nqaij suav nrog kev tua tsiaj, kev laus, kev txiav cov cev nqaij daim tawv, thiab kev tsim cov khoom ua tiav. Kev tswj kev laus ntawm qhov kub qis tuaj yeem ua rau nqaij mos thiab saj zoo dua los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm enzyme. Tom qab ntawd nqaij tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev sib tsoo, seasoning, emulsification, ua noj, haus luam yeeb, ziab, lossis fermentation. Cov khoom xws li sausages, nuggets, meatballs, corned beef, thiab deli meats ua piv txwv txog kev siv thev naus laus zis niaj hnub tsim cov khoom zoo thiab yooj yim rau cov neeg siv khoom.
Tam sim no kev tsim kho tshiab kuj tseem tab tom txav mus rau cov thev naus laus zis ua kom sov zoo dua thiab khaws cia zoo, xws li ua noj ua haus nrog pa, sous vide, lossis ohmic cua sov ntawm qhov ntsuas tshwj xeeb. Rau kev khaws cia, ntxiv rau kev khov, muaj cov txheej txheem ntim khoom hloov kho huab cua (MAP) uas tswj cov pa roj hauv cov ntim khoom kom qeeb qeeb oxidation thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob me me. Kev siv cov tshuaj antioxidants ntuj los ntawm cov txuj lom lossis cov nroj tsuag extracts kuj tseem nrov zuj zus raws li kev siv zog los txo cov khoom siv ntxiv.
Kev siv tshuab ua mis nyuj thiab nws cov khoom tsim tawm
Mis nyuj yog ib yam khoom noj uas yoo lwj heev vim muaj cov kab mob me me thiab cov enzyme ua haujlwm. Cov thev naus laus zis tseem ceeb hauv kev ua mis nyuj niaj hnub no yog kev ua kom sov (feem ntau ntawm 72°C rau 15 vib nas this hauv HTST system) kom tua cov kab mob yam tsis ua rau cov as-ham puas tsuaj loj heev. Rau cov khoom uas xav tau lub sijhawm khaws cia ntev dua, cov txheej txheem UHT (kwv yees li 135–150°C rau ob peb vib nas this) yog siv ua raws li kev ntim khoom aseptic. Qhov tshwm sim yog mis nyuj npaj txhij haus uas tuaj yeem khaws cia rau hauv chav sov ua ntej qhib.
Ntxiv mus, kev ua kom cov mis nyuj khov yog ib txoj kev tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov mis nyuj yogurt, kefir, thiab cheese. Kev ua kom cov mis nyuj khov tsis yog tsuas yog ua kom lub txee ntev xwb tab sis kuj tsim cov saj tshwj xeeb thiab tuaj yeem txhim kho kev zom zaub mov rau qee tus neeg siv khoom. Kev lag luam niaj hnub no kuj tsim cov mis nyuj tsis muaj lactose los ntawm kev ntxiv cov enzyme lactase, nrog rau cov khoom muaj protein ntau los ntawm cov txheej txheem lim dej xws li ultrafiltration. Cov thev naus laus zis membrane tso cai rau kev sib cais cov khoom xyaw mis nyuj kom meej dua, pab kev lag luam tsim cov khoom uas ua tau raws li cov qauv kev noj haus.
Kev ua qe thiab kev tsim khoom tshiab
Cov qe tuaj yeem ua tiav rau hauv cov khoom muaj kev nyab xeeb dua thiab siv tau zoo dua, xws li cov qe kua uas tau muab tshuaj tua kab mob (qe tag nrho, qe dawb, thiab qe qe daj) rau kev lag luam zaub mov. Cov txheej txheem ziab ua rau cov hmoov qe ruaj khov, yooj yim khaws cia, ua rau nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev siv hauv kev lag luam thiab hauv cov cheeb tsam uas muaj kev nkag mus rau cov saw hlau txias tsawg. Lwm cov kev tsim kho tshiab suav nrog cov qe tom uas npaj txhij noj, thiab kev siv cov ntaub ntawm qe thiab plhaub ua qhov chaw ntawm calcium lossis cov khoom ntxiv tshwj xeeb tom qab dhau los ntawm cov txheej txheem kev nyab xeeb nruj.
Kev ntim khoom, kev taug qab thiab cov qauv zoo
Kev ntim khoom yog "kab kawg ntawm kev tiv thaiv" uas ua kom cov khoom muaj kev nyab xeeb kom txog thaum lawv mus txog cov neeg siv khoom. Ntxiv rau kev ntim khoom ib txwm muaj, cov lag luam niaj hnub no siv cov ntim khoom nqus tsev, MAP, thiab cov ntim khoom nquag uas tuaj yeem nqus tau oxygen lossis tiv thaiv kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob me me. Cov ntawv lo kuj tseem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb: muab cov ntaub ntawv khoom noj khoom haus, hnub tas sij hawm, cov lus qhia khaws cia, thiab txawm tias cov lej tsim khoom rau kev taug qab.
Kev taug qab tau qhov tseem ceeb zuj zus thaum cov saw hlau xa khoom ntev zuj zus. Nrog rau lub kaw lus khaws cov ntaub ntawv zoo - txawm tias pib nrog QR code lossis cov platform digital - cov chaw tsim khoom tuaj yeem taug qab keeb kwm ntawm cov khoom siv raw, hnub tsim khoom, pawg, thiab cov channel faib khoom. Qhov no pab txhawb kev rov qab hu cov khoom yog tias pom muaj teeb meem, thaum tseem ua rau cov neeg siv khoom ntseeg siab ntxiv.
Kev ruaj khov thiab kev siv cov khoom lag luam ntxiv
Kev ua cov tsiaj txhu niaj hnub no kuj ntsib teeb meem ib puag ncig: cov khib nyiab kua, cov pa phem, thiab cov organic residues. Ib txoj hauv kev ruaj khov txhawb kom kev lag luam ua cov khib nyiab rau hauv cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig, xws li biogas los ntawm cov khib nyiab organic, compost, lossis chiv, thiab siv kev ua kom hloov cov rog thiab cov ntaub so ntswg pov tseg rau hauv cov khoom siv raw khoom lag luam. Lub tswv yim kev lag luam ncig xyuas hais tias kev ua cov khoom mus dhau qhov khoom tseem ceeb, tab sis hloov chaw ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig ntau tshaj plaws ntawm txhua yam peev txheej.
Cov teeb meem thiab cov kev taw qhia yav tom ntej
Qee qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb suav nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom siv raw, cov qauv kev nyab xeeb uas nruj zuj zus, qhov xav tau kev nqis peev hauv thev naus laus zis, thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm cov neeg siv khoom nyiam. Mus tom ntej, kev ua tsiaj txhu yuav vam khom kev siv tshuab, cov sensors, thiab kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv rau kev tswj xyuas zoo tiag tiag. Ntxiv mus, kev tsim cov khoom siv ua haujlwm (piv txwv li, cov protein ntau, cov ntsev tsawg, lossis cov probiotic-enriched), kev siv cov khoom ntxiv ntuj tsim, thiab kev tsim kho tshiab hauv kev ntim khoom uas zoo rau ib puag ncig yuav txuas ntxiv mus.
Kev niaj hnub kuj xav tau kev txhim kho kev txawj ntse ntawm tib neeg. Cov neeg ua haujlwm tsim khoom, cov kws tshaj lij zaub mov, thiab cov thawj coj zoo yuav tsum nkag siab txog cov ntsiab cai ntawm cov kab mob me me hauv zaub mov, kev tsim cov txheej txheem, cov qauv kev cai lij choj, thiab kev tswj hwm cov khoom xa tuaj. Kev koom tes ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, kev lag luam, cov kws tshawb fawb, thiab tsoomfwv yog qhov tseem ceeb los xyuas kom meej tias kev tsim kho tshiab mus ua ke nrog kev tiv thaiv cov neeg siv khoom thiab kev sib tw hauv kev lag luam.
Kev kaw
Kev ua cov tsiaj txhu niaj hnub no yog ib qho chaw uas muab kev tshawb fawb, thev naus laus zis, thiab kev tswj hwm los tsim cov khoom muaj kev nyab xeeb, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, thiab muaj nqis heev. Txij li nqaij thiab mis nyuj mus txog qe, txhua yam khoom muaj cov yam ntxwv sib txawv thiab cov kev cai ua tiav, tab sis txhua yam vam khom rau cov ntsiab cai ntawm kev huv, kev tswj xyuas zoo, thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm cov khoom xa tuaj. Nrog rau kev siv thev naus laus zis tsim nyog thiab kev tsom mus rau kev ruaj khov, kev ua cov tsiaj txhu tsis yog tsuas yog ua tau raws li cov kev xav tau zaub mov ntawm zej zog xwb tab sis kuj qhib cov cib fim rau kev tsim kho tshiab thiab txhim kho kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov neeg ua lag luam raws li cov khoom muaj nqis.
Yog tias koj xav tau, kuv tuaj yeem hloov kho tsab xov xwm no mus rau hauv ib qho kev kawm ntau dua (ua tiav nrog cov lus hais thiab cov ntaub ntawv sau), lossis ib qho nrov rau cov blogs / ntawv xov xwm hauv tsev kawm ntawv, kom ntseeg tau tias cov lus suav yog 1000 lo lus.
