Kev Siv Tshuab Ua Khoom Noj thiab Khoom Siv Derivative
Whey yog ib yam khoom tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam mis nyuj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hauv kev tsim cheese thiab casein. Tau ntau xyoo, whey raug suav hais tias yog pov tseg vim nws muaj ntau yam, muaj cov organic ntau, thiab muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj kuab paug yog tias pov tseg yam tsis tau kho. Txawm li cas los xij, kev nce qib hauv kev siv tshuab zaub mov thiab kev ua bioprocessing tau hloov qhov kev xav no: whey tam sim no pom tias yog cov khoom siv raw muaj nqis vim nws muaj protein ntau, lactose, minerals, thiab cov khoom xyaw bioactive. Ntau yam thev naus laus zis ua tiav tau tsim los hloov whey mus rau ntau yam khoom siv, xws li cov protein concentrates mus rau cov tshuaj thiab cov khoom siv nutraceutical.
Cov Khoom Siv thiab Cov Yam Ntxim Saib ntawm Whey
Feem ntau, whey muaj kwv yees li 93–94% dej thiab 6–7% cov khoom khov uas yaj tau. Cov khoom khov no muaj lactose (kwv yees li 70–75% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom khov), whey protein (kwv yees li 10–15% ntawm cov khoom khov), cov zaub mov (tshauv), thiab cov khoom me me xws li cov vitamins uas yaj tau hauv dej thiab cov organic acids. Cov protein tseem ceeb hauv whey yog β-lactoglobulin, α-lactalbumin, bovine serum albumin, immunoglobulins, thiab lactoferrin. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm whey raug cuam tshuam los ntawm hom txheej txheem tsim khoom: whey qab zib yog los ntawm enzyme coagulation (rennet) hauv kev ua cheese, thaum acid whey yog los ntawm acid coagulation (piv txwv li, ua yogurt lossis cheese tshiab). Acid whey feem ntau muaj pH qis dua thiab cov ntsiab lus mineral sib txawv, yog li cov tswv yim ua tiav tuaj yeem sib txawv.
Cov Teeb Meem Ib puag ncig thiab Cov laj thawj rau Kev Ua Haujlwm
Cov mis nyuj muaj cov nqi BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) thiab COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) siab, feem ntau yog vim nws cov lactose muaj ntau. Yog tias pov tseg ncaj qha, cov mis nyuj tuaj yeem ua rau cov pa oxygen yaj hauv cov dej thiab cuam tshuam rau cov ecosystem. Yog li ntawd, kev ua cov mis nyuj tsis yog tsuas yog kev siv zog los ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig ntxiv xwb tab sis kuj yog kev daws teeb meem los txo cov pa phem. Cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub nrhiav kev rho tawm cov khoom muaj nqis los ntawm cov mis nyuj thiab siv cov feem seem los ntawm kev fermentation lossis kev hloov pauv zog.
Cov Theem Yooj Yim ntawm Kev Ua Whey
Feem ntau cov txheej txheem ua whey pib nrog kev ua kom pom tseeb thiab kev sib cais rog. Theem no yuav siv lub tshuab sib cais centrifugal los tshem tawm cov khoom me me, cov khoom seem curd, thiab cov rog. Tom qab ntawd pasteurization ua tiav los txo cov microbial load thiab xyuas kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev ua tiav ntxiv. Tom qab ntawd whey raug concentrated thiab fractionation siv membrane lossis evaporation technology, nyob ntawm cov khoom xav tau.
Kev Siv Tshuab Membrane: Lub Plawv ntawm Kev Sib Cais Niaj Hnub
Kev siv tshuab membrane yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua cov whey vim nws muaj peev xwm cais cov khoom raws li qhov loj me ntawm cov molecule thiab cov nqi, nyob rau hauv qhov kub qis kom cov protein zoo.
1. Kev lim dej me me (MF)
MF siv los tshem tawm cov khoom me me, cov kab mob, thiab cov rog. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho qhov ruaj khov ntawm cov khoom kawg thiab tiv thaiv kev ua qias tuaj ntawm cov membranes hauv cov theem tom ntej.
2. Kev lim dej ultrafiltration (UF)
UF cais cov protein whey (retentate) ntawm lactose thiab cov minerals (permeate). UF tsim cov Whey Protein Concentrate (WPC) nrog cov protein sib txawv (piv txwv li, 35%, 60%, lossis 80%). Cov protein ntau npaum li cas, nws cov nqi ntau npaum li ntawd thiab kev siv dav dua hauv cov dej haus protein, cov khoom ci, thiab cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig.
3. Kev lim dej (DF)
DF yog kev ntxuav UF retentate siv dej los txo cov lactose thiab cov minerals. Cov kauj ruam no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tsim WPC nrog cov saj huv dua thiab cov lactose qis dua.
4. Nanofiltration (NF)
NF siv los ua kom lactose sib sau ua ke thiab tshem tawm ib feem ntawm cov zaub mov ntawm UF permeate. Cov thev naus laus zis no zoo rau kev kho cov qauv zaub mov thiab npaj cov khoom siv raw rau kev tsim lactose lossis syrup.
5. Rov Qab Osmosis (RO)
RO ua kom cov dej sib xyaw ua ke (dewatering). RO ua ntej ua pa, whey yuav raug txo kom tsawg, yog li ntawd txuag hluav taws xob.
Qhov zoo ntawm cov thev naus laus zis membrane yog kev siv hluav taws xob zoo, kev ywj pheej, thiab lub peev xwm los tsim cov feem pua muaj nqis siab. Cov teeb meem tseem ceeb yog nyob rau hauv daim nyias nyias fouling, qhov xav tau CIP ntxuav, thiab kev ua kom zoo dua qhov siab thiab kub kom tswj tau qhov ntws ruaj khov.
Kev Ua Pa thiab Kev Qhuav: Hloov Cov Mis Nyuj Mus Ua Khoom Ruaj Khov
Tom qab ua kom cov whey sib xyaw ua ke, feem ntau cov whey raug ua tiav hauv lub tshuab evaporator ntau yam kom ua rau cov khoom khov ntau ntxiv. Tom qab ntawd nws raug ziab siv lub tshuab ziab kom qhuav los tsim cov hmoov whey lossis cov hmoov protein. Kev ziab kom qhuav ua rau lub sijhawm khaws cia ntev, yooj yim thauj mus los, thiab yooj yim siv rau hauv ntau yam khoom noj.
Rau cov khoom xws li WPC thiab Whey Protein Isolate (WPI), kev tswj qhov kub thaum lub sijhawm ziab yog qhov tseem ceeb kom tiv thaiv cov protein denaturation ntau dhau, tswj kev yaj, thiab tswj cov khoom ua haujlwm xws li foaming, emulsification, thiab gelling.
Whey Protein Concentrate (WPC) thiab Whey Protein Isolate (WPI)
– WPC feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm UF thiab ziab. Nws cov protein muaj ntau yam, tab sis nws tseem muaj qee cov lactose thiab cov zaub mov. WPC feem ntau yog siv los txhim kho cov qauv, qhov ncauj, thiab cov khoom noj khoom haus muaj txiaj ntsig.
– WPI muaj cov protein ntau heev (feem ntau >90%) thiab cov lactose tsawg heev. Nws cov khoom tsim tawm xav tau cov txheej txheem ntxiv xws li DF ntau, kev pauv ion, lossis kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm daim nyias nyias. WPI nrov heev hauv cov khoom noj khoom haus kis las, cov khoom noj kho mob, thiab cov qauv uas xav tau lactose tsawg.
Ntxiv rau cov protein uas muaj, qhov zoo ntawm WPC/WPI yog txiav txim siab los ntawm nws cov amino acid profile (nplua nuj hauv BCAAs), solubility, thiab degree of denaturation. Kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm cov txheej txheem tsom mus rau kev tsim "cov protein whey haiv neeg" nrog kev kho cua sov tsawg kawg nkaus, yog li tswj tau cov qauv protein zoo dua.
Kev Tsim Khoom ntawm Lactose thiab Carbohydrate Derivatives
UF permeate muaj ntau lactose thiab cov zaub mov. Lactose tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm crystallization tom qab concentration thiab supersaturation. Lactose yog siv dav hauv kev lag luam khoom noj (piv txwv li, khoom qab zib), tshuaj (ua cov ntsiav tshuaj), thiab pub tsiaj.
Lactose kuj tseem tuaj yeem hydrolyzed siv cov enzyme lactase rau hauv glucose thiab galactose los tsim cov khoom uas muaj lactose tsawg. Qhov hydrolysis no muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov neeg noj uas tsis haum lactose thiab kuj ua rau qib qab zib nce ntxiv, yog li txo cov suab thaj ntxiv hauv qee cov mis.
Lwm yam thev naus laus zis siab heev yog kev tsim cov oligosaccharides xws li GOS (galacto-oligosaccharides) los ntawm kev hloov pauv transgalactosylation. GOS muaj nqis heev vim lawv cov khoom prebiotic thiab siv dav hauv cov mis mos rau menyuam yaus thiab cov dej haus ua haujlwm.
Kev Ua Kua Mis Nyuj: Los Ntawm Cov Pov Tseg Mus Rau Cov Khoom Siv Bioproduct
Kev ua kom cov kua qaub (fermentation) yog ib txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb rau kev siv cov mis nyuj (whey), tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov feem uas muaj lactose ntau. Nrog cov kab mob me me uas tau xaiv, cov mis nyuj tuaj yeem hloov mus ua:
– Lactic acid: cov khoom siv raw rau PLA bioplastics thiab kev lag luam zaub mov.
– Ethanol: los ntawm kev ua kom cov poov xab fermentation; siv tau rau kev lag luam lossis lub zog.
- Acetic acid, propionic acid, thiab lwm yam metabolites: rau cov khoom noj thiab cov tshuaj siv.
- Cov kab mob me me hauv lub cev: piv txwv li kev tsim cov poov xab lossis probiotics.
Cov teeb meem ntawm kev ua whey fermentation suav nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom siv raw, qhov xav tau kev ntxiv cov as-ham, thiab kev tswj kev ua qias tuaj. Kev koom ua ke ntawm fermentation nrog cov txheej txheem sib cais (piv txwv li, daim nyias nyias lossis kev ntxuav) tuaj yeem txhim kho cov txiaj ntsig thiab cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm zoo.
Cov Khoom Siv Bioactive: Lactoferrin thiab Cov Peptides Ua Haujlwm
Cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no tso cai rau kev rho tawm cov khoom me me uas muaj nqis xws li lactoferrin thiab immunoglobulins. Cov txheej txheem siv suav nrog chromatography, cov ntawv xaiv, thiab cov dej nag tswj. Ntxiv mus, whey protein tuaj yeem hydrolyzed siv cov enzymes los tsim cov bioactive peptides nrog cov peev xwm antihypertensive, antioxidant, lossis immunomodulatory kev ua ub no. Cov khoom no tau tsim dav hauv cov khoom noj khoom haus nutraceutical thiab cov khoom noj khoom haus ua haujlwm.
Cov Qauv thiab Kev Tsim Kho Tshiab: Mus rau Cov Txheej Txheem Ntsuab Dua
Cov kev taw qhia tam sim no ntawm kev tsim cov thev naus laus zis ua whey hais txog kev siv hluav taws xob zoo, txo cov dej ua haujlwm, thiab siv cov khib nyiab tsis muaj. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm RO thiab kev ua kom cov dej noo noo kom txuag tau hluav taws xob, kev siv cov membranes uas tiv taus kev ua qias tuaj, thiab kev koom ua ke ntawm biorefinery (tsim cov protein, lactose, organic acids, thiab lub zog los ntawm ib qho dej whey) yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv kev lag luam.
Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, kev siv cov txheej txheem digital xws li kev saib xyuas qhov fouling tiag tiag, kev tswj hwm CIP tsis siv neeg, thiab kev ua haujlwm raws li cov ntaub ntawv pab cov nroj tsuag txhim kho qhov zoo sib xws thaum txo cov nqi tsim khoom.
Kev kaw
Cov mis nyuj tau hloov pauv los ntawm cov khoom pov tseg hauv kev lag luam mis nyuj mus rau qhov chaw tseem ceeb rau cov khoom noj, tshuaj, thiab cov khoom siv bioproducts. Los ntawm kev siv tshuab membrane, kev ua kom qhuav, kev ua kom qhuav, kev ua kom khov, thiab kev ntxuav cov khoom siv bioactive, cov mis nyuj tuaj yeem ua tiav rau hauv ntau yam khoom muaj nqis xws li WPC, WPI, lactose, GOS, lactic acid, thiab peptides ua haujlwm. Mus tom ntej, kev koom ua ke ntawm thev naus laus zis thiab txoj hauv kev biorefinery muaj peev xwm ua rau kev ua cov mis nyuj ua haujlwm tau zoo dua, zoo rau ib puag ncig, thiab muaj txiaj ntsig, thaum tseem txhawb nqa lub tswv yim ntawm kev lag luam ncig hauv kev lag luam zaub mov.
