Kev Siv Tshuab Tsim Khoom Gelatin thiab Collagen
Gelatin thiab collagen yog ob yam khoom xyaw uas tseem ceeb heev hauv kev lag luam khoom noj, tshuaj, tshuaj pleev ib ce, thiab biomaterial. Lawv muaj feem cuam tshuam ze: collagen yog cov protein tseem ceeb hauv cov nqaij sib txuas ntawm tsiaj, thaum gelatin yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm denaturation thiab ib feem hydrolysis ntawm collagen, ua rau nws yaj tau yooj yim dua thiab yooj yim dua rau kev siv. Kev txhim kho hauv kev siv tshuab gelatin thiab collagen tsis yog tsuas yog tsom mus rau kev txhim kho cov txiaj ntsig thiab zoo xwb, tab sis kuj tseem ceeb rau kev nyab xeeb, kev ua raws li halal / kosher, kev ruaj khov, thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo. Tsab xov xwm no tham txog cov khoom siv raw, cov theem txheej txheem, cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub, cov yam ntxwv zoo, nrog rau kev sib tw thiab cov cib fim tshiab.
1. Cov Khoom Siv Raw thiab Kev Xav Txog Kev Lag Luam
Ib txwm muaj, gelatin thiab collagen yog tsim los ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab pob txha ntawm nyuj thiab npua. Ntxiv mus, cov khoom siv raw los ntawm nqaij qaib thiab ntses (marine collagen/gelatin) tau nrov zuj zus, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kom tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm kev lag luam halal thiab txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm qee yam kab mob. Piv txwv li, ntses collagen feem ntau yog los ntawm daim tawv nqaij, nplai, thiab pob txha ntawm ntses, thaum nqaij qaib tuaj yeem tau los ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab pob txha.
Kev xaiv cov khoom siv raw cuam tshuam rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom kawg. Cov gelatin ntawm npua feem ntau muaj lub zog gel siab thiab cov khoom siv ua haujlwm zoo rau kev siv zaub mov. Cov gelatin ntawm nyuj siv dav hauv cov tshuaj thiab zaub mov, tab sis xav tau kev tswj hwm kev nyab xeeb nruj. Cov ntses gelatin feem ntau muaj qhov melting qis dua, ua rau nws haum rau qee yam khoom tab sis tuaj yeem tsis ruaj khov ntawm chav tsev kub. Los ntawm kev pom kev ruaj khov, cov qauv kev lag luam tab tom txav mus rau kev siv cov khoom seem los ntawm cov chaw tua tsiaj thiab kev lag luam nuv ntses kom txo cov khib nyiab thiab nce tus nqi ntxiv.
2. Qhov Txawv Tseem Ceeb Ntawm Collagen Thiab Gelatin
Collagen yog ib hom protein fibrillar uas muaj cov qauv triple helix zoo heev. Nyob rau hauv qee qhov xwm txheej (kev cua sov thiab kev kho tshuaj), cov qauv no tawg ua ntau cov molecules uas tsis sib xws thiab yaj tau, tsim cov gelatin. Yog tias hydrolysis txuas ntxiv mus txog thaum cov molecules luv dua, cov khoom tshwm sim feem ntau hu ua hydrolyzed collagen lossis collagen peptides, uas yaj tau tag nrho thiab siv dav hauv cov khoom noj khoom haus thiab cov tshuaj pleev ib ce.
Hauv kev xaus lus:
– Collagen: cov qauv triple helix, feem ntau tsis yaj tag, tsim nyog rau qee cov khoom siv biomaterials thiab daim ntawv thov.
– Gelatin: ib feem denaturation/hydrolysis ntawm collagen, muaj peev xwm tsim cov gels, siv dav hauv cov khoom noj thiab tshuaj ntsiav.
- Collagen peptides: hydrolysis ntxiv, tsis tsim cov gels, tsom mus rau solubility thiab bioactivity.
3. Cov Theem Dav Dav ntawm Kev Tsim Gelatin
Cov txheej txheem tsim cov gelatin feem ntau muaj cov theem hauv qab no: kev npaj cov khoom siv raw, kev kho ua ntej (acid lossis alkaline), maj mam rho tawm dej kub, kev ntxuav, kev sib sau ua ke, kev ua kom tsis muaj menyuam, kev ziab, thiab kev ntim khoom.
a) Kev Npaj Cov Khoom Siv Raw
Cov khoom siv raw xws li tawv lossis pob txha raug ntxuav kom tsis txhob muaj roj, ntshav, thiab av qias neeg. Kev tshem roj tawm yog qhov tseem ceeb vim tias roj tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev rho tawm thiab ua rau muaj ntxhiab tsw. Cov pob txha raug tshem tawm cov minerals kom tshem tawm calcium phosphate, tsuas yog tshuav ossein (collagen matrix).
b) Kev kho ua ntej: Acid (Hom A) thiab Base (Hom B) Txheej Txheem
– Hom A gelatin (txheej txheem kua qaub): siv cov kua qaub (piv txwv li, HCl, acetic acid) rau lub sijhawm luv dua. Haum rau cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj collagen yooj yim rau kev ua, xws li daim tawv nqaij npua.
– Hom B gelatin (txheej txheem alkaline): siv lub hauv paus (piv txwv li, NaOH lossis txiv qaub ntsuab) rau lub sijhawm ntev dua. Feem ntau siv rau ntawm daim tawv nyuj vim nws xav tau cov crosslinks muaj zog dua.
Kev kho ua ntej lub hom phiaj yog ua kom cov qauv collagen xoob kom tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo dua, thaum tseem pab txo qee yam tsis huv.
c) Kev rho tawm kauj ruam
Kev rho tawm yog ua tiav nrog dej kub ntawm qhov kub tswj tau thiab feem ntau ua ntu zus (piv txwv li, ntawm 45–60 ° C thiab tom qab ntawd nce ntxiv). Theem pib tsim cov gelatin zoo dua (viscosity zoo dua thiab lub zog gel), thaum cov theem tom ntej feem ntau tsim cov feem pua qis dua.
d) Kev Ntxuav thiab Kev Ua Kom Pom Tseeb
Cov kua gelatin uas tau los ntawm cov khoom no ces raug lim kom tshem tawm cov khoom seem khov. Cov txheej txheem ua kom pom tseeb tuaj yeem suav nrog kev lim dej siab, centrifugation, lossis siv cov neeg sawv cev ua kom pom tseeb. Hauv kev lag luam niaj hnub no, cov membranes ultrafiltration kuj tseem siv los cais cov protein los ntawm qhov loj me thiab txo cov kuab paug.
e) Kev Sib Sau Ua Ke, Kev Tua Kab Mob, thiab Kev Ziab
Thaum twg nws ntshiab lawm, cov kua gelatin yuav ua kom tuab los ntawm kev siv lub tshuab nqus tsev kom tswj tau qhov kub tsawg (kom tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj). Kev tua kab mob yog ua kom tau raws li cov qauv microbiological. Kev ziab tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev siv lub tshuab ziab khaub ncaws lossis lub tshuab ziab khaub ncaws tunnel, thiab tom qab ntawd cov gelatin raug zom kom loj li koj xav tau.
4. Kev Siv Tshuab Tsim Khoom Collagen thiab Collagen Peptide
Kev tsim cov collagen ntshiab thiab collagen peptides muaj ntau yam txheej txheem, nyob ntawm cov khoom lag luam: collagen ib txwm muaj (khaws ib qho qauv), gelatin, lossis peptides.
a) Kev rho tawm Collagen
Collagen tuaj yeem rho tawm tau los ntawm kev siv cov kua qaub me me (xws li acetic acid) los tsim cov collagen uas yaj tau hauv cov kua qaub. Txhawm rau kom muaj txiaj ntsig ntau ntxiv, cov enzymes xws li pepsin (pepsin-soluble collagen) raug siv, uas txiav thaj tsam telopeptide, ua rau collagen yaj tau ntau dua yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj ntau rau triple helix.
b) Enzymatic Hydrolysis rau Collagen Peptides
Cov peptides collagen feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm kev siv enzymatic hydrolysis siv cov proteases (piv txwv li, papain, bromelain, alcalase, lossis lwm yam enzymes tsim nyog). Cov txheej txheem tsis sib xws - pH, kub, lub sijhawm, thiab enzyme dosage - txiav txim siab qhov hnyav molecular faib, solubility, iab, thiab bioactivity. Tom qab hydrolysis, enzyme inactivation, filtration, thiab ziab (feem ntau siv lub tshuab ziab) raug ua tiav los tsim cov hmoov collagen peptide.
5. Kev Siv Tshuab Niaj Hnub thiab Kev Tsim Kho Tshiab
Raws li kev xav tau ntawm kev ua lag luam hloov zuj zus, cov thev naus laus zis tsim cov gelatin thiab collagen siv ntau txoj hauv kev los txhim kho qhov zoo thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo:
1. Kev sib cais ntawm daim nyias nyias (UF/NF)
Kev siv ultrafiltration thiab nanofiltration pab txhawb kev ntxuav, txo cov ntsev, thiab kev ua kom cov protein fractions zoo ib yam. Qhov no ua rau kom zoo sib xws thiab txo cov tshuaj siv.
2. Kev rho tawm los ntawm enzyme
Cov enzymes yog siv los ua kom sai dua pretreatment lossis extraction, nce cov qoob loo ntawm qhov kub qis dua, thiab txo cov protein puas tsuaj vim cua sov.
3. Kev siv tshuab ua kom muaj zog dua
Muaj ntau txoj kev tshawb fawb tau tshawb nrhiav kev rho tawm los ntawm kev siv ultrasound thiab kev rho tawm los ntawm microwave kom ua kom cov khoom loj sai dua. Txawm hais tias muaj kev cia siab, kev siv hauv kev lag luam yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam tus nqi, tswj kev puas tsuaj, thiab tsim cov khoom siv kom muaj kev nyab xeeb.
4. Kev tswj ntxhiab tsw thiab qhov zoo ntawm kev hnov
Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov chaw ntses, cov thev naus laus zis deodorization, kev siv cov pa roj carbon activated, lossis kev lim dej siab heev yog qhov tseem ceeb los tsim cov khoom tsis muaj ntxhiab thiab saj.
5. Kev taug qab thiab daim ntawv pov thawj
Cov thev naus laus zis ntawm cov khoom xa tuaj, cov ntaub ntawv raw khoom, thiab kev kuaj hom tsiaj (piv txwv li, cov txheej txheem raws li DNA) pab ua tau raws li cov qauv halal/kosher thiab tiv thaiv kev ua cuav.
6. Cov Kev Ntsuas Zoo thiab Cov Qauv Khoom
Feem ntau, qhov zoo ntawm gelatin yog soj ntsuam los ntawm:
- Lub zog tawg paj (lub zog gel): txiav txim siab qhov siv (khoom qab zib jelly, khoom qab zib, tshuaj ntsiav).
- Viscosity: muaj feem xyuam rau qhov ntev ntawm cov saw thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov txheej txheem.
- Melting point thiab gel point: tseem ceeb rau cov qauv zaub mov.
– Dej, tshauv thiab pH: cuam tshuam rau kev ruaj khov.
- Xim thiab qhov tseeb: tseem ceeb rau cov khoom lag luam zoo.
- Kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov kab mob me me: tag nrho cov phaj suav, cov kab mob, thiab endotoxins (cov ntawv thov tshwj xeeb).
Rau collagen thiab collagen peptides, cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb suav nrog:
- Kev faib tawm qhov hnyav ntawm cov molecular (piv txwv li ntawm GPC/SEC lossis SDS-PAGE).
- Kev yaj thiab kev ruaj khov ntawm qee qhov pH.
- Cov protein thiab cov amino acid (xws li hydroxyproline ua ib qho cim).
- Cov tshuaj lom xws li cov hlau hnyav (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov khoom hauv dej hiav txwv), cov kuab tshuaj seem, lossis qee yam tshuaj ua xua.
7. Cov Kev Sib Tw thiab Cov cib fim ntawm Kev Loj Hlob
Kev lag luam gelatin thiab collagen ntsib ntau yam teeb meem: kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom siv raw, kev nyab xeeb thiab kev cai lij choj, kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom zoo ntawm ntau pawg, thiab kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom rau cov khoom lag luam huv. Ntxiv mus, kev sib tw los ntawm lwm cov khoom xyaw (piv txwv li, cov hydrogels ua los ntawm cov nroj tsuag xws li agar, pectin, thiab carrageenan) yog kev tsav tsheb tsim kho tshiab los tswj hwm qhov kev sib tw ntawm gelatin.
Ntawm qhov tod tes, lub sijhawm ua lag luam yog loj heev. Kev thov rau collagen peptides rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov pob qij txha, kev saib xyuas tawv nqaij, thiab kev rov zoo los ntawm kev ua si nawv tab tom loj hlob sai. Lub caij no, kev tsim cov khoom siv biomaterials raws li collagen rau cov ntaub so ntswg scaffolds, cov ntaub qhwv qhov txhab, thiab cov txheej txheem xa tshuaj qhib lub sijhawm rau kev tsim kho tshiab hauv cov thev naus laus zis purification siab heev thiab kev tswj hwm microstructural.
Xaus
Cov thev naus laus zis tsim cov gelatin thiab collagen sib xyaw ua ke cov txheej txheem engineering, protein science, thiab kev tswj hwm zoo thiab kev nyab xeeb. Txij li acid/base pretreatment, los ntawm ntau kauj ruam extraction, membrane purification, thiab enzymatic hydrolysis los tsim collagen peptides, txhua kauj ruam txiav txim siab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom kawg. Mus rau pem hauv ntej, kev lag luam yuav nce ntxiv hais txog kev ua haujlwm zoo, kev ruaj khov, halal/kosher daim ntawv pov thawj, thiab zoo sib xws los ntawm kev ua kom huv si thiab cov txheej txheem tswj cov txheej txheem ntau dua. Nrog rau kev tsim kho tshiab zoo, gelatin thiab collagen tseem yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau ntau yam kev siv niaj hnub no.
Yog tias koj xav tau, kuv tuaj yeem hloov kho tsab xov xwm no kom muaj kev txawj ntse ntau dua (nrog rau cov ntsuas kub / pH thiab cov duab qhia txog cov txheej txheem) lossis nrov dua rau cov neeg nyeem dav dav, nrog rau ntxiv cov ntaub ntawv luv luv.
