Kev Siv Tshuab Ua Nqaij Hauv Qab
Nqaij hauv qab yog ib yam khoom noj uas nrov heev vim nws yooj yim, khaws cia tau ntev, thiab yooj yim faib tawm. Tom qab qhov yooj yim no muaj ntau yam thev naus laus zis ua kom cov nqaij nyob twj ywm rau kev noj, tswj tau qhov zoo ntawm kev hnov qab (qab, tsw qab, qauv), thiab ruaj khov thaum khaws cia. Cov thev naus laus zis ua nqaij hauv qab tsis yog tsuas yog suav nrog cov txheej txheem cua sov xwb tab sis kuj suav nrog kev xaiv cov khoom siv raw, kev tsim cov tshuaj, kev ntim khoom, kev tswj hwm kev ua qias tuaj, thiab kev kuaj xyuas zoo. Tsab xov xwm no tham txog cov theem tseem ceeb thiab cov ntsiab cai ntawm cov thev naus laus zis.
1. Cov Ntsiab Lus Tseem Ceeb ntawm Kev Khaws Nqaij Hauv Qhov Cub: Vim Li Cas Nqaij Thiaj Khaws Tau?
Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev ntim nqaij hauv lub thawv yog los tsim cov khoom "tsis muaj kab mob hauv kev lag luam", uas yog, ib qho mob uas cov kab mob pathogenic thiab cov kab mob lwj tau raug tua mus rau qib uas tsis muaj kev pheej hmoo lossis kev puas tsuaj thaum lub sijhawm khaws cia ib txwm. Hauv cov nqaij hauv lub thawv, qhov kev hem thawj tseem ceeb yog los ntawm cov kab mob tsim cov noob xws li Clostridium botulinum, uas tuaj yeem loj hlob hauv qab cov xwm txheej anaerobic (tsis muaj oxygen) hauv lub thawv. Yog li ntawd, cov thev naus laus zis ntim nqaij hauv lub thawv hais txog:
- Kev ua kom sov (sterilization) ntawm qhov kub siab kom tua cov noob.
- Ntim khoom kom nruj kom tiv thaiv cov kab mob nkag mus tom qab ua tiav.
- Kev tswj cov mis (ntsev, nitrite, txuj lom, pH) los txhim kho kev ruaj khov thiab zoo.
Qhov tshwm sim yog cov khoom uas muaj lub sijhawm khaws cia ntev, feem ntau yog 2–5 xyoos, nyob ntawm hom khoom, cov xwm txheej khaws cia, thiab qhov zoo ntawm cov ntim khoom.
2. Cov Khoom Siv Raw thiab Kev Ua Haujlwm Thaum Pib
Qhov zoo ntawm cov nqaij hauv qab feem ntau yog txiav txim siab los ntawm kev xaiv cov khoom siv raw. Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb suav nrog cov nqaij tshiab, pH, cov rog, xim, thiab kev tsis muaj cov khoom siv (pob txha me me, cov hlau me me) thiab cov kab mob me me. Cov nqaij tuaj yeem los ntawm nqaij nyuj, nqaij qaib, tshis, lossis ntses, tab sis cov ntsiab cai ua cov khoom zoo sib xws.
Cov theem pib ntawm kev tuav pov hwm feem ntau suav nrog:
1. Kev txais thiab kev tshuaj xyuas: xyuas qhov kub ntawm nqaij, qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov khoom siv raw, thiab kev kuaj xyuas sai.
2. Khaws cia rau hauv qhov chaw txias: kom tiv thaiv kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob ua ntej ua tiav. Txoj saw hlau txias yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tswj kom zoo.
3. Kev txiav thiab kev txiav: tshem tawm cov khoom tsis xav tau xws li cov rog ntau dhau, cov leeg tawv, lossis qee cov nqaij sib txuas.
4. Kev ntxuav thiab tua kab mob rau thaj chaw ua haujlwm: tiv thaiv kev sib kis kab mob. Hauv kev lag luam niaj hnub no, HACCP (Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Phom Sij thiab Cov Ntsiab Lus Tseem Ceeb) yog qhov siv tseem ceeb.
3. Kev Tsim Qauv thiab Kev Ua Ua Ntej (Kho, Ua Noj Ua Ntej, Muab Kua Txob)
Cov nqaij hauv qab muaj ntau hom: nqaij nyuj corned beef, nqaij noj su, rendang hauv qab, ntses sardines, nqaij hauv gravy, thiab txawm tias nqaij kua zaub. Cov mis no cuam tshuam rau saj, qauv, xim, thiab kev ruaj khov.
Qee cov txheej txheem ua ntej ua tiav:
– Kev ntsev/kev ntsev: Cov ntsev pab kom saj thiab txo cov dej ua haujlwm (txawm hais tias hauv cov nqaij hauv qab feem ntau nws tsis qis txaus los "khaws nws tus kheej," nws pab kom ruaj khov).
– Kev siv nitrite/nitrate los kho (hauv qee yam khoom): Muab xim liab dawb tshwj xeeb, tiv thaiv kev loj hlob ntawm qee cov kab mob me me, thiab tsim kom muaj qhov saj tshwj xeeb. Kev siv nitrite yuav tsum nyob hauv qhov txwv tsis pub dhau vim muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov khoom noj.
– Kev sib xyaw cov txuj lom thiab cov tshuaj khi: Piv txwv li, phosphate los ua kom muaj peev xwm khi dej tau zoo dua, hmoov txhuv nplej siab lossis cov protein zaub rau cov qauv, thiab cov txuj lom rau cov yam ntxwv saj.
– Ua noj ua ntej: Hauv qee yam khoom, nqaij raug ua kom siav ib nrab kom txo cov dej hauv cov nqaij, txhim kho cov qauv, thiab txo cov kab mob me me ua ntej txoj kev tua kab mob.
4. Kev Sau, Ntxiv Qhov Nruab Nrab, thiab Qhov Chaw Rau Hauv Taub Hau
Tom qab muab cov nqaij tso rau hauv lub thawv (lub thawv los yog lub hnab rov qab). Hauv cov khoom noj hauv lub thawv, lub tswv yim ntawm headspace yog paub, uas yog qhov chaw me me khoob rau saum lub thawv. Headspace yog qhov tsim nyog rau:
- muab qhov chaw nthuav dav thaum lub sijhawm cua sov,
- pab tsim lub tshuab nqus tsev tom qab txias,
- txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm lub kaus poom.
Cov khoom tuaj yeem sau rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm:
- Khoom khov (nqaij minced/gel),
- Cov khoom me me,
- Hauv ib qho chaw xws li brine, roj, gravy, lossis kua ntses.
Kev sau yuav tsum sib xws raws li qhov hnyav tag nrho thiab qhov sib piv ntawm cov khoom khov thiab cov kua kom ntseeg tau tias zoo thiab muaj kev nyab xeeb.
5. Kev Siv Pa thiab Seaming: Ua kom cov kaus poom kaw
Ua ntej lub qhov (can) raug kaw, yuav tsum muab nws nqus kom tawm cua tawm ntawm lub qhov (can). Kev txo cov pa oxygen yog qhov tseem ceeb vim tias:
- txo cov rog oxidation (rancidity),
- txhawb nqa kev tsim ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev,
- pab kom xim thiab saj ruaj khov.
Cov kaus poom ces raug kaw los ntawm cov txheej txheem seaming (mechanical sealing). Seaming yog qhov tseem ceeb vim tias txawm tias qhov xau me me tuaj yeem ua rau rov ua qias tuaj tom qab sterilization. Yog li ntawd, kev lag luam ua qhov kev tshuaj xyuas tsis tu ncua ntawm cov seam (qhov loj me, sib tshooj, nruj) thiab kev kuaj xyuas qhov xau.
6. Kev Siv Tshuaj Tua Kab Mob Kub: Lub Hauv Paus ntawm Kev Siv Tshuab Nqaij Hauv Qab
Cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov txheej txheem sterilization hauv lub retort / autoclave. Cov nqaij hauv qab yog cov khoom noj "low-acid" (pH feem ntau > 4,6), yog li nws xav tau kev kub ntau dua li cov khoom noj acidic. Kev sterilization feem ntau yog ua tiav ntawm qhov kub thiab txias li ntawm 115–121 ° C, nrog rau lub sijhawm ua tiav kho raws li qhov loj me ntawm lub qab, cov khoom muaj pes tsawg leeg, thiab lub hom phiaj tua (piv txwv li, tus nqi F₀ ntawm qhov siv ntawm 121,1 ° C).
Cov yam uas cuam tshuam rau qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev tua kab mob:
- qhov loj thiab cov duab ntawm lub thoob (txiav txim siab qhov nkag mus rau hauv cua sov),
- qhov tuab ntawm cov kua ntses/gravy (cuam tshuam rau convection),
- qhov ntau thiab tsawg ntawm cov khoom khov thiab qhov ceev,
– qhov kub ntawm cov khoom pib,
- txoj kev rov ua dua (pas dej, tshuaj tsuag dej, muab dej rau hauv, lossis rov ua dua nrog kev nias ntau dhau).
Kev tswj cov txheej txheem yog ua los ntawm kev siv cov ntsuas kub/siab, kev sau cov kab cua sov, thiab kev lees paub cov txheej txheem. Kev ua tsis tiav ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev nyab xeeb. Kev ua ntau dhau ua rau qhov zoo ntawm kev hnov qab txo qis: nqaij tuaj yeem tawg ua tej daim, qhuav, lossis saj siav dhau.
7. Kev Txias, Kev Ziab, thiab Kev Tsim Lub Tshuab Nqus Tsev
Tom qab ua kom huv si lawm, cov kaus poom yuav tsum tau txias sai sai kom txog thaum kub txaus kom tsis txhob siav dhau thiab txo qhov siab sab hauv. Kev txias yog ua los ntawm kev siv dej huv thiab tswj tau zoo. Nyob rau theem no, thaum qhov kub poob qis, qhov ntim ntawm cov pa hauv lub taub hau yuav me me, tsim kom muaj qhov nqus tsev uas pab tswj kom lub pob khoom ruaj khov.
Tom qab ntawd cov kaus poom yuav raug ziab kom tiv thaiv xeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ntawm cov pob qij txha. Qee lub tuam txhab tsim khoom ntxiv ib txheej tiv thaiv lossis siv cov kaus poom uas muaj txheej enamel rau sab hauv kom tiv thaiv kev sib xyaw ntawm cov hlau thiab cov khoom.
8. Kev Tsim Kom Muaj Me Nyuam, Kev Ntsuas Zoo, thiab Kev Nyab Xeeb
Kev lag luam canning siv ntau yam kev sim, suav nrog:
- Muab cov kaus poom tso rau ntawm ib qho kub kom pom cov kaus poom uas yuav puas tsuaj (o, xau).
– Kev tshuaj xyuas lub cev ntawm cov ntim khoom: qhov puas tsuaj, cov xov hlau puas, xeb.
- Kev kuaj mob microbiological (raws li cov qauv) kom ntseeg tau tias tsis muaj kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob me me.
– Kev kuaj tshuaj lom neeg: cov ntsev muaj pes tsawg, nitrite (yog siv), kev ua kom cov rog puas, pH.
– Kev ntsuam xyuas kev hnov lus: saj, tsw qab, qauv, xim.
Cov khoom uas dhau qhov kev xeem ces yuav muab tus lej tsim khoom (kev taug qab) thiab khaws cia rau hauv qhov chaw qhuav, txias, tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob raug cua sov heev.
9. Kev Sib Tw Zoo hauv Cov Nqaij Hauv Qab
Qee qhov teeb meem uas feem ntau yuav tsum tau tswj hwm los ntawm kev siv tshuab txheej txheem thiab kev tsim cov qauv:
- Kev puas tsuaj vim yog oxidation ntawm cov rog, uas tshwm sim los ntawm cov pa oxygen seem lossis cov cua sov khaws cia.
- Kev hloov pauv ntawm cov qauv kom mos dhau los yog qhuav dhau vim yog cua sov ntau dhau los yog cov mis tsis raug.
- Kev hloov xim (piv txwv li tsaus ntuj) vim yog Maillard reactions thiab protein denaturation.
- Cov xov xau los yog xeb uas tuaj yeem ua rau rov ua qias tuaj.
- Qhov o tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qhov tsis zoo uas yuav cuam tshuam nrog kev xau, cov tshuaj ua pa, lossis kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob me me (qhov no yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas thiab yuav tsum tsis txhob noj).
10. Kev Tsim Kho Tshiab thiab Kev Txhim Kho
Cov thev naus laus zis ua cov nqaij hauv qab tseem niaj hnub hloov zuj zus. Qee qhov kev hloov pauv uas tau txais kev pom zoo dav dav suav nrog:
- Rov qab siv nrog kev tswj hwm digital rau kev ua haujlwm kom raug thiab kev siv hluav taws xob zoo.
- Lwm cov ntawv ntim khoom xws li cov hnab rov qab thiab cov tais sib dua tab sis tseem tiv taus kev tua kab mob.
- Kev kho dua tshiab kom txo cov ntsev, txo cov khoom ntxiv, lossis nce cov protein.
– Cov txheej txheem tswj kev nyab xeeb khoom noj khoom haus nruj dua (HACCP, ISO 22000) kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev sib xws thiab kev taug qab tau.
- Kev ua kom zoo dua qub los ntawm kev ua qauv qhia txog kev nkag mus rau hauv tshav kub ntau dua thiab kev lees paub cov txheej txheem.
Kev kaw
Cov thev naus laus zis ua cov nqaij hauv qab ua ke kev tshawb fawb txog zaub mov, kev tsim cov txheej txheem, thiab kev tswj xyuas zoo. Txij li kev xaiv cov nqaij zoo, los ntawm kev tsim cov mis kom raug, kev sau thiab kaw, mus rau kev tswj kom tsis muaj kab mob kub, txhua theem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov khoom muaj kev nyab xeeb, kav ntev, thiab qab. Nrog rau kev tsim kho tshiab hauv kev ua thiab ntim khoom, cov nqaij hauv qab yuav txuas ntxiv mus ua cov khoom noj khoom haus uas siv tau rau cov kev xav tau hauv tsev neeg, kev thauj mus los, thiab txawm tias muaj xwm txheej ceev.
Yog tias koj xav tau, kuv tuaj yeem hloov kho tsab xov xwm no rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm tsev kawm ntawv / tsev kawm qib siab (piv txwv li, ntxiv HACCP subsection, F₀ parameters, lossis cov ntaub ntawv sau) lossis tsom mus rau cov khoom tshwj xeeb xws li corned beef lossis canned rendang.
