Izifundo Eziyisisekelo Zefiziksi

Uma sibheka ngokucophelela, umusi osuka ekushiseni ungabonakala ekuqaleni. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, umusi awukwazi ukubukwa. Uke wasebenzisa iphunga elimnandi? Ngisho noma ufutha iphunga elimnandi ekamelweni, abanye abantu abangaphandle kwekhaya nabo bangazizwa iphunga elimnandi lephunga elimnandi. Uma umama epheka ukudla okumnandi nokumnandi ekhishini, iphunga lokupheka lingazwakala nasendlini yomakhelwane. Kungani kunjalo?

Kunezinye izibonelo eziningi. Uma ufaka amaconsi ambalwa kayinki engilazini equkethe amanzi acwebile, uyinki, noma umbala wokudla uzosabalala ngokulinganayo kuwo wonke amanzi. Lokhu kwenzeka ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ezinye izibonelo zangaphambilini ziyizehlakalo zokusabalala ezivame ukwenzeka empilweni yansuku zonke. Ukusabalala kuyinqubo yokuhambisa izinto kusuka ekugxilweni okuphezulu kuya ekugxilweni okuphansi. Okushiwo ukugxilisa inani lama-molecule/ama-moles ento ngevolumu ngayinye. Indawo yokugxilisa okuphezulu yindawo lapho kunama-molecule amaningi ezinto ngevolumu ngayinye. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukugxilisa okuphansi yizindawo lapho kunama-molecule ambalwa ngevolumu ngayinye.

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Amandla kugesi efanelekile ye-monatomic

Amandla kugesi ye-monatomic ideal yinani eliphelele lamandla e-translational kinetic ama-molecule egesi ye-monatomic ideal. Inani eliphelele lamandla e-translational kinetic ama-molecule egesi ye-deal = umkhiqizo wamandla e-translational kinetic ajwayelekile e-molecule ngayinye kanye nenani lama-molecule (N). Ngokwezibalo:

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I-theorem ye-energy equipmentpartition yatholwa ngokwethiyori nguClerk Maxwell esebenzisa i-statistical mechanics. Ibizwa ngokuthi i-theorem ngoba abukho ubufakazi obutholakala ngokuhlola. Ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla kusho ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla okulinganayo.

I-KE = amandla ajwayelekile e-kinetic okuhumusha ama-molecule egesi (i-Joule)

k = okungaguquki kukaBoltzmann = 1.38 x 10 ^-23 J/K

T = izinga lokushisa eliphelele le-molecule yegesi efanele (uKelvin)

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Ngaphezu kokucindezela, enye yezilinganiso ezichaza uhlobo lwegesi olukhulu kakhulu izinga lokushisa (T). Isilinganiso sokucindezela kwegesi:

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Ithiyori ye-kinetic ithi yonke into yakhiwe ngama-athomu noma ama-molecule nokuthi ama-athomu noma ama-molecule aqhubeka ngokunganaki. Lokhu kucatshangelwa kwethiyori ye-kinetic kufana nesimo nesimo se-athomu noma i-molecule yesakhi segesi. Amandla okukhangana phakathi kwama-athomu noma ama-molecule akha igesi abuthakathaka ukuze ama-athomu noma ama-molecule akwazi ukuhamba ngokukhululeka.

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Umthetho kaBoyle, umthetho kaCharles, umthetho kaGay-Lussac

Umthetho kaBoyle

URobert Boyle (1627-1691) wenza izivivinyo zokuphenya ubudlelwano obulinganiselwe phakathi komfutho wegesi kanye nomthamo. Lokhu kuhlola kwenziwa ngokufaka inani elithile legesi esitsheni esivaliwe. Kuze kube yindlela enhle impela, wathola ukuthi uma izinga lokushisa legesi ligcinwa lingaguquki, khona-ke lapho umfutho wegesi ukhuphuka, umthamo wegesi wehliswa. Ngokufanayo, lapho umfutho wegesi wehla, umthamo wegesi wenyuka. Umfutho wegesi ulingana ngokuphambene nomthamo wegesi. Lobu budlelwano baziwa ngokuthi uMthetho kaBoyle. Ngokwezibalo:

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Imithetho yegesi kaBoyle, umthetho kaCharles kanye noGay-Lussac ayisebenzi kuzo zonke izimo zegesi, ngakho-ke ukuhlaziya kwethu kuba nzima kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, siveze imodeli yegesi efanele. Igesi efanele ayikho empilweni yansuku zonke; igesi efanele iyindlela ephelele yokwenza kube lula ukuhlaziya. Ukuba khona kwalomqondo wegesi efanele nakho kusisiza ekubukezeni ubudlelwano phakathi kwemithetho emithathu yegesi.

Ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinga lokushisa, ivolumu, kanye nomfutho wegesi

Ngokubhekisela emithethweni emithathu yegesi engenhla, singathola ubudlelwano obujwayelekile phakathi kwezinga lokushisa, ivolumu, kanye nomfutho wegesi.

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Isitatimende esiqondile somthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics asikwazi ukuchaza zonke izinqubo ezingaguquki, ngakho-ke sidinga isitatimende esijwayelekile. Lesi sitatimende esijwayelekile kulindeleke ukuthi sichaze zonke izinqubo ezingaguquki ezenzeka endaweni yonke. Isitatimende esijwayelekile somthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics sakhiwa maphakathi nekhulu le-19, ngenani elibizwa ngokuthi i-entropy (S). I-Entropy yethulwa okokuqala nguClausius futhi yakhiwa kusukela kumjikelezo weCarnot (injini yama-caloric ephelele). Ngokusho kukaClausius, izinguquko ze-entropy zenzeka ohlelweni, lapho uhlelo luthola ukushisa okwengeziwe (Q) ekushiseni okungaguquki, okumelelwa yi-equation:

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Isihloko mayelana ne-Coefficient yokusebenza komshini wokupholisa

Umshini wokupholisa umshini othatha ukushisa endaweni enokushisa okuphansi, bese ukuthuthela endaweni enokushisa okuphezulu. Ukuze le nqubo yenzeke, umshini kumele wenze umsebenzi ngoba ukushisa ngokwemvelo kugeleza kusuka ekushiseni okuphezulu kuya ekushiseni okuphansi. Lokhu kungokusho kukaClausius:

Akunakwenzeka ukuthi umshini wokupholisa udlulise ukushisa kusuka endaweni enokushisa okuphansi uye endaweni enokushisa okuphezulu, ngaphandle kokusebenza (Umthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics—Isitatimende sikaClausius).

Umshini usebenza ( W) ukudlulisa ukushisa, kusuka ekushiseni okuphansi (Q _L ) kuya ekushiseni okuphezulu (Q _H ). Ngokusekelwe ekulondolozweni kwamandla, Q _L + W = Q _H.

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Ukuze athole ukuthi angakhuphula kanjani ukusebenza kahle kwenjini yokushisa , usosayensi waseFrance ogama lakhe linguSadi Carnot (1796-1832) wahlola umshini wekhalori ofanele ngo-1824. Ngaleso sikhathi, umthetho wokuqala we-thermodynamics wawungakakhiwa, noma umthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics. Umthetho wokuqala awukakhiwa ngoba ososayensi abakakazi ukuthi ukushisa kungamandla. Ngemva kokuba uJoule nozakwabo bevivinye ngawo-1830, ososayensi bathola ukuthi ukushisa kungamandla ahamba ngenxa yokwehluka kwezinga lokushisa. Ngakho-ke, umthetho wokuqala we-thermodynamics wakhiwa ngemva kuka-1830. USadi Carnot wayecwaninga ngenjini yekhalori efanelekile ngo-1824. Ucwaningo lwakhe empeleni lwaluwukwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwenjini yomusi. Izinjini eziningi zomusi zangaleso sikhathi zazingasebenzi kahle.

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