Imithetho yegesi kaBoyle, umthetho kaCharles kanye noGay-Lussac ayisebenzi kuzo zonke izimo zegesi, ngakho-ke ukuhlaziya kwethu kuba nzima kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, siveze imodeli yegesi efanele. Igesi efanele ayikho empilweni yansuku zonke; igesi efanele iyindlela ephelele yokwenza kube lula ukuhlaziya. Ukuba khona kwalomqondo wegesi efanele nakho kusisiza ekubukezeni ubudlelwano phakathi kwemithetho emithathu yegesi.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinga lokushisa, ivolumu, kanye nomfutho wegesi
Ngokubhekisela emithethweni emithathu yegesi engenhla, singathola ubudlelwano obujwayelekile phakathi kwezinga lokushisa, ivolumu, kanye nomfutho wegesi.
P 1 = ingcindezi yokuqala (Pa noma N/m 2 ), P 2 = ingcindezi yokugcina (Pa noma N/m 2 ), V 1 = ivolumu yokuqala (m 3 ), V 2 = ivolumu yokugcina (m 3 ), T 1 = izinga lokushisa lokuqala (K), T 2 = izinga lokushisa lokugcina (K)
(Pa = uPascal, N = uNewton, m2 = imitha yesikwele, m3 = imitha yesikwele, K = uKelvin)
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwesisindo segesi (m) kanye nomthamo (V)
Uma umoya ufakwa ebhaluni lerabha, kulapho ibhaluni ligcwala khona kakhulu. Ngamanye amazwi, uma isisindo segesi sikhulu, kulapho ivolumu yebhaluni iba nkulu khona. Singasho ukuthi isisindo segesi (m) silingana ngqo nevolumu yegesi (V).
Inani lama-moles (n)
I-mole eyi-1 = isisindo sento esilingana nesisindo sama-molecule sale nto. Isisindo kanye nesisindo se-oxygen yama-molecule kuhlukile.
Isibonelo 1, isisindo sama-molecule e-oxygen (O2 ) = 16 u + 16 u = 32 u (i-molecule ngayinye ye-oxygen iqukethe ama-athomu e-oxygen amabili, lapho i-athomu ngayinye ye-oxygen inesisindo esingu-16 u). Ngakho-ke, i-mole eyodwa O2 inesisindo esingu-32 amagremu. Noma isisindo sama-molecule sika-O2 = 32 amagremu / mol = 32 kg/kmol.
Isibonelo sesi-2, isisindo sama-molecule segesi ye-carbon monooxide (CO) = 12 u + 16 u = 28 u (i-molecule ngayinye ye-carbon monoxide iqukethe i-athomu ye-carbon eyodwa (C) kanye ne-athomu ye-oxygen eyodwa (O). Isisindo se-athomu ye-carbon eyodwa = 12 u kanye nesisindo se-athomu ye-oxygen eyodwa = 16 u. 12 u + 16 u = 28 u). Ngakho-ke, i-molecule eyodwa ye-CO inesisindo sama-gram angu-28. Noma isisindo sama-molecule se-CO = 28 grams/mol = 28 kg/kmol.
Isibonelo 3, isisindo sama-molecule segesi ye-carbon dioxide (CO2) = [12 u + (2 x 16 u)] = [12 u + 32 u] = 44 u (i-molecule ngayinye ye-carbon dioxide iqukethe i-athomu ye-carbon eyodwa (C) kanye nama-athomu amabili e-oxygen (O). Isisindo se-athomu ye-carbon eyodwa = 12 u kanye nesisindo se-athomu ye-oxygen eyodwa = 16 u). Ngakho-ke, i-mole eyodwa ye-CO2 inesisindo esingamagremu angu-44. Noma isisindo sama-molecule se-CO2 = 44 amagremu/mol = 44 kg/kmol.
Inani lama-moles (n) ento = isilinganiso sobuningi bento kuya ku-molecular mass yayo. Ngokwezibalo:
Umbuzo 1:
Bala inani lama-moles ku-64 g we- O2
Isisindo se-O2 = amagremu angu-64
Isisindo sama-molecule sika-O2 = 32 amagremu/mol
Umbuzo 2:
Bala inani lama-moles ku-280 amagremu e-CO2
Isisindo se-CO = 280 amagremu
Isisindo sama-molecule se-CO = 28 amagremu/mol
Umbuzo 3:
Bala inani lama-moles ku-176 amagremu e- CO2
Isisindo se -CO2 = amagremu angu-176
Isisindo sama-molecule se-CO2 = amagremu angu-44/mol
Ama-gas constants e-Universal (R)
Ngokusekelwe ocwaningweni lososayensi, kutholakale ukuthi uma inani lama-moles (n) lisetshenziswa ukuveza ubukhulu bento ethile, khona-ke i-constant yokuqhathanisa yegesi ngayinye inenani elifanayo. I-constant ehambisanayo i-universal gas constant (R).
R = 8.315 J/mol. K
= 8315 kJ / kmol. K
= 0.0821 (L.atm) / (mol. K)
= 1.99 cal / mol. K
(J = Joule, K = Kelvin, L = ilitha, atm = umkhathi, cal = ikhalori)
UMTHETHO WEGESI OFANELE (ngenani lama-moles)
Ukuqhathanisa okungenhla kungaguqulwa kube yizibalo ngokufaka inani lama-moles (n) kanye nama-universal gas constants (R).
I-PV = n RT
Lesi sibalo sibizwa ngokuthi umthetho wegesi ofanele noma i-equation yesimo segesi ofanele.
P = ingcindezi yegesi (N/ m2 )
V = ivolumu yegesi (m 3 )
n = inani lama-moles (i-mole)
R = ama-gesi ahlala njalo (R = 8.315 J/mol. K)
T = izinga lokushisa eliphelele legesi (K)
Ekuxazululeni inkinga, uzothola igama elithi STP. I-STP yizinga lokushisa elijwayelekile kanye nokucindezela.
Izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile (T) = 0 o C = 273 K
Ukucindezela okujwayelekile (P) = 1 atm = 1.013 x 10 5 N / m 2 = 1.013 x 10 2 kPa = 101 kPa
Ekuxazululeni izinkinga zomthetho wegesi, izinga lokushisa kufanele livezwe esikalini sikaKelvin (K). Uma ingcindezi yegesi iseyingcindezi yokulinganisa, yishintshe kuqala ibe yingcindezi ephelele. Ingcindezi ephelele = ingcindezi yomoya + ingcindezi yokulinganisa. Uma okwaziwayo kuyingcindezi yomoya (akukho ngcindezi yokulinganisa), xazulula inkinga.
Umbuzo 1:
Uma ucindezela umoya (101 kPa), izinga lokushisa legesi ye-carbon dioxide = 20 o C kanye nomthamo wayo = amalitha ama-2. Uma ingcindezi iguqulwa ibe yi-201 kPa futhi izinga lokushisa lenyuka laya ku-40 °C, bala ivolumu yokugcina yegesi ye-carbon dioxide.
Isixazululo
P 1 = 101 kPa
P 2 = 201 kPa
I-T 1 = 20 o C + 273 K = 293 K
I-T 2 = 40 o C + 273 K = 313 K
V 1 = 2 amalitha
Umbuzo 2:
Thola ivolumu yama-moles amabili egesi ku-STP (le gesi iyigesi efanelekile)
Isixazululo
Umbuzo 3:
Umthamo wegesi yomoya-mpilo ku-STP = 20 m 3. Bala isisindo segesi yomoya-mpilo.
Isixazululo
Umthamo we-1 mole yegesi ku-STP = 22.4 amalitha = 22.4 dm 3 = 22.4 x 10 -3 m 3 (22.4 x 10 -3 m 3 /mol)
Umthamo wegesi yomoya-mpilo ku-STP = 20 m 3
Isisindo sama-molecule e-oxygen = 32 amagremu / mol (isisindo se-molecule eyodwa ye-oxygen = 32 amagremu). Ngakho-ke, isisindo segesi ye-oxygen yilesi:
isisindo (m) = inani lama-molecular (n) x isisindo sama-molecule
isisindo = (893 mol) x (32 amagremu / mol) = 28576 amagremu = 28.576 kg
Umbuzo 4:
Ithangi liqukethe amalitha angu-4 omoya-mpilo (O2 ) . Izinga lokushisa lomoya-mpilo lingu-= 20 oC kanti ingcindezi elinganisiwe ingu-= 20 x 10 5 N/m2 . Thola isisindo somoya-mpilo ( Isisindo samamolekyuli omoya-mpilo = 32 kg/kmol = 32 gram/mol).
Isixazululo
P = P atm + P kulinganiswe = (1 x 10 5 N/m 2 ) + (20 x 10 5 N/m 2 ) = 21 x 10 5 N/m 2
T = 20 o C + 273 = 293 K
V = 4 amalitha = 4 dm 3 = 4 x 10 -3 m 3
R = 8.315 J/mol. K = 8.315 Nm/mol. K
Isisindo sama -molecule omoya-mpilo = 32 kg/kmol = 32 amagremu/mol
O 2 isisindo?
UMTHETHO WEGESI OFANELE (Ngenani lama-molecule)
Uma sisho ubukhulu bento hhayi ngesimo sobuningi (m), kodwa ngenani lama-moles (n), khona-ke i-universal gas constant (R) isebenza kuwo wonke amagesi. Yatholwa okokuqala ngu-Amadeo Avogadro (1776-1856), usosayensi wase-Italy.
U-Avogadro uthe uma ivolumu, ingcindezi, kanye nokushisa kwegesi ngayinye kulingana, igesi ngayinye inenani elifanayo lama-molecule.
I-Avogadro hypothesis ihambisana neqiniso lokuthi i-R engaguquki iyafana kuwo wonke amagesi. Nazi ezinye izibonakaliso:
Okokuqala, uma sixazulula inkinga sisebenzisa i-equation ye-gas law efanele (PV = nRT), sizothola ukuthi uma inani lama-moles (n) lilingana,
ingcindezi kanye nokushisa nakho kuyafana, khona-ke ivolumu yawo wonke amagesi izofana uma sisebenzisa ama-gas constants e-universal R = 8.315 J / mol. K). Ku-STP, noma yiliphi igesi elinenani elifanayo lama-moles (n) lizoba nevolumu efanayo. Ivolumu ye-1 mole yegesi ku-STP = amalitha angu-22.4. Ivolumu yama-moles amabili egesi = amalitha angu-44.8. Ivolumu yama-moles amathathu egesi = amalitha angu-67.2. Njalo njalo. Lokhu kusebenza kuwo wonke amagesi.
Okwesibili, inani lama-molecule ku-mole eyodwa liyafana kuwo wonke amagesi. Inani lama-molecule ku-mole eyodwa = inani lama-molecule nge-mole = Inombolo ye-Avogadro (NA). Ngakho-ke, inombolo ye-Avogadro iyafana kuwo wonke amagesi.
Inombolo ka-Avogadro etholakala ngokulinganisa:
I-NA = 6.02 x 10 23 ama-molecule / i-mol
Ukuze uthole inani eliphelele lama-molecule (N), phinda inani lama-molecule nge-mole ngayinye (N A ) ngenani lama-mole (n).
Inani eliphelele lama-molecule (N) = inani lama-molecule nge-mole ngayinye (N A ) x inani lama-mole (n)
P = Ingcindezi, V = Umthamo, N = Inani eliphelele lama-molecule, k = i-Boltzmann constant (k = 1.38 x 10-23 J / K), T = Izinga lokushisa
Amayunithi wevolumu
Ilitha eli-1 (L) = 1000 milliliters (mL) = 1000 cubic centimeters (cm 3 )
Ilitha eli-1 (L) = i-cubic decimeter eli-1 (dm 3 ) = 1 x 10 -3 m 3
Amayunithi Wengcindezi
1 N/m 2 = 1 Pa
1 atm = 1.013 x 10 5 N/m 2 = 1.013 x 10 5 Pa = 1.013 x 10 2 kPa = 101.3 kPa (ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa 101 kPa)
Pa = uPascal
i-atm = umkhathi
