Izifundo Eziyisisekelo Zefiziksi

Ukuze bachaze izinqubo ze-thermodynamic ezingaguquki, ososayensi bakha umthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics. Umthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics uchaza ukuthi yiziphi izinqubo ezingenzeka endaweni yonke nokuthi yiziphi izinqubo ezingenakwenzeka. Usosayensi othile ogama lakhe lingu-RJE Clausius (1822-1888) wenza lesi sitatimende esilandelayo:

Ngokwemvelo, ukushisa kuhamba kusuka ezintweni ezinokushisa okuphezulu kuya ezintweni ezinokushisa okuphansi; ngokwemvelo, ukushisa akuqhubeki kusuka ezintweni ezinokushisa okuphansi kuya ezintweni ezinokushisa okuphezulu (Umthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics—isitatimende sikaClausius).

Isitatimende sikaClausius singenye yezitatimende ezikhethekile zomthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics. Sibizwa ngokuthi isitatimende esikhethekile ngoba sisebenza kuphela enkambisweni eyodwa kuphela, ehlobene nokudluliswa kokushisa. Njengoba lesi sitatimende singahlobene nezinye izinqubo, sidinga isitatimende esibanzi kakhulu. Ukuthuthukiswa kwesitatimende esijwayelekile zomthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics kusekelwe ocwaningweni lwezinjini zokushisa. Ngakho-ke, sixoxa ngokushisa kwenjini kuqala.

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Izinqubo ze-athikili ze-Thermodynamic: Isothermal Adiabatic Isochoric Isobaric

Kunezinqubo ezine ze-thermodynamic, okuyizinqubo ze-Isothermal, i-isochoric, i-isobaric kanye ne-adiabatic.

Inqubo ye-Isothermal (izinga lokushisa elihlala njalo)

Enqubweni ye-isothermal, izinga lokushisa lesistimu ligcinwa lingaguquguquki. Ngokwethiyori, uhlelo oluhlaziyiwe luyigesi elifanele. Izinga lokushisa legesi elifanele lilingana ngqo namandla egesi angaphakathi afanele (U = 3/2 n RT). I-T ayishintshi, ngakho-ke i-U nayo ayishintshi. Ngakho-ke, uma isetshenziswa enqubweni ye-isothermal, umthetho wokuqala we-thermodynamic equation uba:

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Inqubo ye-Thermodynamic

Ukushisa (Q) amandla asuka kwenye into aye kwenye ngenxa yomehluko wokushisa. Mayelana nezinhlelo nezindawo, ukushisa kungamandla asuka ohlelweni aye kwenye indawo noma amandla asuka endaweni aye kwenye, ngenxa yomehluko wokushisa. Uma izinga lokushisa lesistimu liphakeme kunezinga lokushisa lendawo, ukushisa kuzogeleza kusuka ohlelweni kuye endaweni. Uma izinga lokushisa lendawo liphakeme kunezinga lokushisa lesistimu, khona-ke ukushisa kugeleza kusuka endaweni kuya ohlelweni.

Ukushisa (Q) amandla ahamba ngenxa yomehluko wokushisa, kanti umsebenzi (W) uhlobene nokudluliswa kwamandla ngomsebenzi. Isibonelo, uma uhlelo lusebenza endaweni ezungezile, khona-ke amandla ahamba esuka ohlelweni aye endaweni ezungezile. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma indawo ezungezile isebenza ohlelweni, khona-ke amandla ahamba esuka endaweni ezungezile aye kwenye.

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Ukungqubuzana Okunganwebeki

Ukulondolozwa komthetho wamandla e-kinetic akusebenzi ezingozini ze-inelastic. Ukulondolozwa komthetho we-momentum kusebenza ezingozini ze-inelastic uma kungekho mandla angaphandle asebenza ezintweni ezimbili ezishayisanayo. Ekungqubuzaneni kwe-inelastic, izinto ezimbili zinamathelana noma zinamathele komunye nomunye ngemva kokungqubuzana.

Isibonelo sombuzo 1.

Izinto ezimbili zinesisindo esifanayo, okungukuthi i-1 kg. Into 1 ihamba endizeni eyisicaba ngesivinini esingu-10 m/s bese ishayisana nento yesibili ephumule. Ngemva kokushayisana, izinto ezimbili zinamathelana. Iyini ijubane lezinto ezimbili ngemva kokushayisana?

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Ukushayisana okunwebeka kancane

Ekungqubuzaneni okungaphelele, umthetho wokulondolozwa komfutho uyasebenza, kanti ukulondolozwa komthetho wamandla e-kinetic awusebenzi. Ngesikhathi kwenzeka ukungqubuzana, amandla athile e-kinetic aguqulwa abe amandla omsindo, amandla okushisa, kanye namandla angaphakathi. Ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi elastic kubonisa ukuthi ngemva kokungqubuzana, izinto ezimbili azinamatheli ndawonye kodwa ziyagxumagxuma.

Isibonelo sokushayisana okunwebeka kancane ukushayisana okunobukhulu obubodwa kwamamabula amabili noma amabhola amabili echibini.

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Ukulondolozwa komfutho oqondile

Umthetho wokulondolozwa komfutho oqondile uthi uma kungekho mandla angaphandle asebenza ezintweni ezimbili ezishayisanayo, umfutho wezinto ngaphambi kokushayisana ulingana nomfutho wezinto ngemva kokushayisana.

p₁ +p₂ =p₁ ' + p₂ ' ………………….. Isibalo 1.4

m₁ v₁ +m₂ v₂ = m₁ v₁ ' + m₂ v₂ '

Uma ngemuva kokushayisana zombili izinto zinamathelana,

m₁ v₁ +m₂ v₂ = (m₁ +m₂ ) v'

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Ukushayisana okunwebeka ngokuphelele

Ukungqubuzana kwezinto ezimbili kubizwa ngokuthi ukungqubuzana okunwebeka ngokuphelele uma amandla omfutho noma amandla omfutho ento ngayinye ngaphambi kokungqubuzana elingana namandla omfutho kanye namandla omfutho ento ngayinye ngemva kokungqubuzana. Ngamanye amazwi, ukulondolozwa komthetho womfutho kanye nokulondolozwa komthetho wamandla omfutho kuyasebenza ekungqubuzaneni okunwebeka ngokuphelele. Ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi elastic kubonisa ukuthi ngemva kokungqubuzana, izinto ezimbili azinamatheli ndawonye noma azinamathelene kodwa ziyagxumagxuma. Umfutho wento ngayinye uyagcinwa.

Umfutho wento ngayinye uyalondolozwa.

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Isimiso samandla okusebenza nokwemishini

Ithiyori yamandla okusebenza-kinetic ithi umsebenzi we-net noma umsebenzi owenziwe amandla e-net ulingana noshintsho lwamandla e-kinetic.

W_net = KUYA_t – KUYA_o = 1⁄2 m(v_t² - v_o²)

W_net = Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamandla, okungukuthi amandla okulondoloza, kanye namandla angewona awokulondoloza. Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi we-net ungabhekwa njengowakhiwe umsebenzi owenziwe amandla okulondoloza kanye nomsebenzi owenziwe amandla angewona awokulondoloza.

W_c + UW_nc = ΔKE

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Umsebenzi owenziwe ngamandla alondolozayo Amandla angenzeka

Buka into ehamba iqonde phezulu bese ibuyela endaweni yayo yokuqala ngemva kokufinyelela ukuphakama okuphezulu. Lapho into ihamba iqonde phezulu, isisindo senza umsebenzi ongemuhle entweni. Lapho into ihambela phezulu, ukuphakama kwento kuyanda. Ngakho-ke, amandla adonsela phansi ento nawo ayanda. Kungaphethwa ngokuthi umsebenzi ongemuhle owenziwe ngesisindo ulingana nokwenyuka kwamandla adonsela phansi ento (PE).

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Amandla okulondoloza kanye namandla angewona awokulondoloza

1. Amandla Okulondoloza

1.1 Isisindo (w)

Bheka into ehamba iqonde phezulu ize ifinyelele ukuphakama okuphezulu ngaphambi kokwehla iye phansi ibheke endaweni yayo yokuqala. Uma ihamba iqonde phezulu ngo-h, isisindo siphambene nokushintshashintsha. Ngakho-ke, isisindo senza umsebenzi ongemuhle entweni. 

W = wh (cos 180^o) = – wh = – mgh

Ngemva kokufinyelela ukuphakama okuphezulu, into iqhubekela phansi ibheke endaweni yayo yokuqala ngo-h. Uma iqhubekela phansi, isisindo siseceleni elifanayo nelokufuduka. Ngenxa yokuthi siseceleni elifanayo nelokufuduka, isisindo senza umsebenzi omuhle.

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