Ithiyori ye-kinetic ithi yonke into yakhiwe ngama-athomu noma ama-molecule nokuthi ama-athomu noma ama-molecule aqhubeka ngokunganaki. Lokhu kucatshangelwa kwethiyori ye-kinetic kufana nesimo nesimo se-athomu noma i-molecule yesakhi segesi. Amandla okukhangana phakathi kwama-athomu noma ama-molecule akha igesi abuthakathaka ukuze ama-athomu noma ama-molecule akwazi ukuhamba ngokukhululeka.
Uma uhamba, ama-athomu noma ama-molecule anejubane. Ama-athomu noma ama-molecule nawo anesisindo. Ngenxa yokuthi inesisindo (m) kanye nejubane (v), khona-ke i-athomu noma i-molecule inamandla e-kinetic (KE) kanye nesivinini (p). Amandla e-Kinetic: KE = 1/2 mv 2 . Ngenkathi isivinini: p = m v. Ngaphezu kwamandla e-kinetic kanye nesivinini, kukhona namandla (F). Uma uhamba ngokukhululeka, ukushayisana kumele kwenzeke. Ngakho-ke, amandla ayanda ngenxa yezinguquko kusivinini lapho kwenzeka ukushayisana. Amandla e-Kinetic, isivinini, kanye namandla e-impulse kuyingqikithi yengxoxo yethu nge-dynamics (imithetho yokunyakaza, i-impulse, kanye nesivinini). Singasho ukuthi i-kinetic theory yamagesi isebenzisa i-dynamics ezingeni le-athomu noma lama-molecule.
Umqondo Wegesi Ofanele (osekelwe ezimpahleni ezinkulu zegesi)
Ekuxoxweni ngemithetho yegesi, kuchazwe ngamanani amathathu asho uhlobo lwegesi yangempela oluyi-macroscopic. La manani amathathu okukhulunywa ngawo yi-Temperature (T), i-Volume (V) kanye ne-pressure (P). Ubudlelwano phakathi kwala manani amathathu e-macroscopic buchazwe ku-Boyle's Law, u-Charles's law, kanye no-Gay Lussac's law. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi le mithetho emithathu isebenza kuphela kugesi yangempela ene-pressure kanye ne-density (density = mass/volume) engenkulu kakhulu. Le mithetho emithathu isebenza kuphela kugesi yangempela ene-temperature engasondeli endaweni yokubila.
Umthetho kaBoyle, umthetho kaCharles, kanye nomthetho kaGay-Lussac awusebenzi kuzo zonke izimo zegesi zangempela ukuze sikwazi ukwenza imodeli yegesi efanele. Igesi efanele ayikho empilweni yansuku zonke; igesi efanele iwuhlobo oluphelele olwenzelwe ukusiza ekuhlaziyeni kwethu, njengemizimba eqinile neyoketshezi efanele. Ngakho-ke, sibheka umthetho kaBoyle, umthetho kaCharles kanye nomthetho kaGay-Lussac osebenza kuzo zonke izimo zegesi ezifanele. Ukuba khona kwemodeli yegesi efanele kusisiza ukuthi sibukeze ubudlelwano phakathi kwenani elikhulu legesi.
Umthetho wegesi ofanele uchazwa ngezilinganiso ezimbili, i-PV = nRT (umthetho wegesi ofanele enanini lama-mole) kanye ne-PV = NkT (umthetho wegesi ofanele enanini lama-molecule). Sicabanga ukuthi igesi ofanele ihlangabezana nalezi zilinganiso ezimbili. Ngamanye amazwi, umthetho wegesi ofanele usebenza kuzo zonke izimo zegesi ezifanelekile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ingcindezi yegesi noma isisindo esifanelekile sikhulu noma lapho izinga lokushisa legesi elifanele lisondela endaweni yokubila. Ngokuphambene nalokho, umthetho wegesi ofanele awusebenzi kuzo zonke izimo zegesi zangempela. Umthetho wegesi ofanele usebenza kuphela lapho ingcindezi kanye nobuningi begesi yangempela kungekukhulu kakhulu. Umthetho wegesi ofanele usebenza futhi kuphela lapho izinga lokushisa legesi langempela lingasondele endaweni yokubila. Ngokusekelwe kule ncazelo emfushane, singasho ukuthi igesi langempela linezakhiwo ezifanayo negesi elifanele kuphela lapho ubuningi bangempela,
futhi umfutho wegesi awumkhulu kakhulu futhi uma izinga lokushisa langempela legesi lingasondele ezingeni lokubila.
Umqondo wegesi efanele ochazwe ngenhla ubuyekezwa ngokusekelwe ezimpawini ezinkulu. Nakuba igesi efanele iyimodeli efanele kuphela, igesi efanele isabhekwa njengegesi equkethe ama-athomu noma ama-molecule ahamba ngokukhululeka. Ngakho-ke, kungaba kuhle uma sixoxa nangomqondo wegesi efanele ngombono omncane.
Umqondo Wegesi Ofanele (osekelwe ezimpahleni ezincane zegesi)
Okulandelayo ezinye izincazelo ezimfushane ezichaza izimo ezincane kakhulu zegesi efanelekile, ezisekelwe ku-Gas Kinetic Theory:
1. Igesi efanelekile yakhiwa izinhlayiya, ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-molecule. Ama-molecule egesi afanelekile angafaka i-athomu elilodwa noma ama-athomu amaningana. I-molecule ngayinye inesisindo (m) futhi ihamba ngokungahleliwe kunoma iyiphi indlela ngesivinini esithile (v).
2. Ibanga phakathi kwe-molecule ngayinye liphakeme kunobubanzi be-molecule ngayinye.
3. Lawa ma-molecule alalela imithetho yokunyakaza futhi asebenzisana lapho kwenzeka ukushayisana.
4. Ukungqubuzana phakathi kwama-molecule nama-molecule noma phakathi kwama-molecule anodonga lwesitsha kuyingxabano ephelele, futhi ukungqubuzana ngakunye kwenzeka ngesikhathi esifushane.
Ekungqubuzaneni okuphelele, umthetho wokulondolozwa kwamandla uyasebenza (amandla ngaphambi kokungqubuzana = amandla ngemva kokungqubuzana) kanye nomthetho wokulondolozwa komfutho (umfutho ngaphambi kokungqubuzana = umfutho ngemva kokungqubuzana).
Ukubuyekezwa kokushayisana kwe-impulse kwe-kinetic theory yamagesi
Buyekeza ubudlelwano obulinganiselwe phakathi kwenani elikhulu kanye nenani elincane kakhulu legesi. Inani elichaza uhlobo olukhulu kakhulu lwegesi yizinga lokushisa (T), ivolumu (V) kanye nengcindezi (P). Ngenkathi inani elisho uhlobo olukhulu kakhulu lwegesi liyijubane noma ijubane (v), umfutho (p), amandla (F) kanye namandla e-kinetic (EK) yama-athomu noma ama-molecule akha igesi.
Sibuyekeza amanye ama-molecule egesi esitsheni esivaliwe. Ubude bebhokisi ohlangothini = l kanye nendawo enqamulayo = A.
Ama-molecule anesisindo (m) futhi, uma ehamba, i-molecule inejubane (v). Ngenxa yokuthi isitsha sivaliwe, kungenzeka ukuthi kube nokushayisana phakathi kwama-molecule nodonga lomkhumbi olunendawo engaphezulu engu-A.
Ukuze kube lula ukuhlaziya, sixoxa ngokushayisana okwenzeka odongeni lwesobunxele (udonga oluhambisana ne-z-axis). Okokuqala, sixoxa ngokushayisana okuhlangatshezwa yi-molecule eyodwa. Yibize ngokuthi i-molecule 1. Isisindo sama-molecule = m1 kanye nesivinini sokunyakaza = v1. Isiqondiso sokunyakaza kwesobunxele sihlelwe ukuthi sibe negative, kanti isiqondiso sokunyakaza kwesokudla sihlelwe ukuthi sibe negative.
Singacabanga ukuthi ngaphambi kokushayisana nodonga lwesitsha, ukunyakaza kwama-molecule kuhambisana ne-x-axis kanye nesiqondiso sokunyakaza ngakwesobunxele. Ngakho-ke, kukhona ingxenye yejubane ku-x-axis engemihle (-v).1xNgoba inesisindo (m1) kanye nesivinini (-v1x), i-molecule inomfutho (p1 = -m1 v1x). Lona umfutho wokuqala. Uma ishayisana nodonga, i-molecule inikeza amandla esenzo odongeni. Ngenxa yokuthi kukhona amandla esenzo, udonga lunikeza amandla okusabela. Amandla okusabela avela odongeni abangela ukuthi i-molecule ibonakale ngakwesokudla. Ngenxa yesiqondiso sokunyakaza ngakwesokudla, ingxenye yejubane lama-molecule inhle (v1x). Umfutho wama-molecule ngemva kokushayisana u-p2 = m1 v1xLesi yisikhathi sokugcina.
Ubukhulu boshintsho emgudwini ngenxa yokushayisana yilokhu:
Umfutho ophelele = umfutho wokugcina—umfutho wokuqala
ingqikithi ye-p = p 2 – p 1
isamba se-p = m 1 v 1x – (-m 1 v 1x )
isamba se-p = 2m 1 v 1x
2m 1 v 1x = umfutho ophelele wokushayisana okukodwa. Ngenxa yokuthi ukushayisana kwama-molecule kuyingxabano ephelele, ukushayisana kwenzeka hhayi kanye kuphela, kodwa ngokuphindaphindiwe. Ekushayisane okuphelele, umthetho wokulondolozwa kwamandla kanye nomthetho wokulondolozwa komfutho uyasebenza. Amandla kanye nomfutho ngaphambi kokushayisana = amandla kanye nomfutho ngemva kokushayisana. Ngakho-ke, i-molecule ngeke iyeke ukuhamba (amandla angenamkhawulo). Ijubane lama-molecule nalo alinciphi (liyaqhubeka nomfutho).
Ngemva kokushayisana nodonga lwesobunxele, i-molecule iya kwesokudla ize ifike odongeni lwesokudla. Ngemva kokushayisana nodonga lwesokudla, i-molecule iya kubuyela kwesobunxele bese ishaya odongeni lwesobunxele futhi. Ngenxa yokuthi ubude bohlangothi lwebhokisi = l, bese kuthi ngemva kokushayisana nodonga lwesobunxele okokuqala, i-molecule izohamba ibanga elingu-2l ngaphambi kokushayisana nodonga lwesobunxele okwesibili. Uma ihambela kude kufike ku-2l, ama-molecule kumele adinge isikhathi esithile ( Δt ). Inani lesikhathi ( Δt ) i-molecule edinga ukusihambisa kude kufike ku-2l, liyizibalo:
I-Δt yisikhathi esiphakathi kokushayisana ngakunye. Lapho kushayisana udonga, i-molecule inikeza amandla esenzo odongeni. Ngenxa yamandla esenzo, udonga lunikeza amandla okusabela. Ukuba khona kwala mandla okusabela kwenza i-molecule iphinde ihambe ngakwesokudla. Kulokhu, isiqondiso sokunyakaza kwama-molecule siyashintsha. Ekuqaleni, i-molecule iya ngakwesobunxele (-v1x), ngemva kokushayisana nodonga, i-molecule iya ngakwesokunene (v 1x ). Izinguquko endleleni yokunyakaza zibangela izinguquko ku-momentum (umfutho wokugcina - umfutho wokuqala = m 1 v 1x – (-m 1 v 1x ) = 2m 1 v 1x ). Singasho ukuthi ushintsho ku-momentum lwenzeka ngenxa yamandla aphelele anikezwa udonga. Inani lamandla aphelele anikezwa udonga, ngokwezibalo:
Ebhokisini elingenhla, kuchazwa i-molecule eyodwa kuphela. Lokhu akusho ukuthi kukhona i-molecule eyodwa kuphela yegesi ebhokisini. Eqinisweni, kune-molecule eziningi zegesi. Inani lamandla aphelele awo wonke ama-molecule egesi ebhokisini, ngokwezibalo:
F = F 1 + F 2 + F 3 + ….. + F n
F 1 = amandla aphelele e-molecule 1
F 2 = amandla aphelele e-molecule 2
F 3 = amandla aphelele e-molecule 3
…… = njalo njalo
F n = amandla aphelele ama-molecule 4
n = i-molecule yokugcina.
m1 = isisindo sama-molecule 1, m2 = isisindo sama-molecule 2, m3 = isisindo sama-molecule 3, mn = isisindo sama-molecule wokugcina. m1 +m2 +m3 + ….. + mn = m (isisindo segesi ebhokisini). l = ubude bohlangothi lwebhokisi.
v 12x = isivinini sama-molecule 1, v 22 x = isivinini sama-molecule 2, v 33 x = isivinini sama-molecule 3, v n2 x = isivinini sama-molecule wokugcina. Isivinini sama-molecule ngayinye siyahlukahluka, ngakho-ke sidinga ukubala ijubane elimaphakathi lawo wonke ama-molecule. Ukuze sibale ijubane elimaphakathi lama-molecule, singahlukanisa ijubane lawo wonke ama-molecule ngenani lama-molecule. Ku-kinetic theory yegesi, inani lama-molecule livame ukunikezwa uphawu u-N. Ngokwezibalo, ijubane elimaphakathi lawo wonke ama-molecule lilotshiwe:
Sihlanganisa i - equation b ne - equation a:
F = amandla, m = isisindo samagesi, l = ubude bohlangothi lwebhokisi, N = inani lama-molecule.
Encazelweni yangaphambilini, kucatshangwa ukuthi ukunyakaza kwama-molecule kuhambisana ne-x-axis. Lokhu kucatshangelwa kwenzelwe ukwenza ukuhlaziya kwethu kube lula. Eqinisweni, wonke ama-molecule egesi ebhokisini awahambi nganoma iyiphi indlela ngokungahleliwe. Ngenxa yokuthi ukunyakaza kwenzeka ngokungahleliwe, ngaphandle kokuba nengxenye yejubane elimaphakathi ku-x-axis, i-molecule iphinde ibe nengxenye yejubane elimaphakathi ku-y-axis noma ku-z-axis. Ngakho-ke, ijubane elimaphakathi le-molecule yegesi = inani eliphelele lezingxenye zejubane elimaphakathi ku-x-axis, i-y-axis, kanye ne-z-axis. Ngokwezibalo:
Ngenxa yokuthi ama-molecule ahamba ngokungahleliwe, izingxenye zejubane ku-x-axis, y-axis, kanye ne-z-axis zinobukhulu obufanayo. Ngokwezibalo:
Sihlanganisa i -equation 2 ne - equation 1 :
Sihlanganisa i -equation 3 ne - equation n c :
F = inani lamandla asetshenziswa ama-molecule egesi odongeni lwesitsha, esinendawo engaphezulu engu-A.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kokucindezela (P) kanye nobukhulu obuncane kakhulu
Ukucindezela (P) inani elichaza uhlobo lwegesi olukhulu kakhulu. Buyekeza Ukucindezela okusekelwe ezimpahleni ezincane kakhulu zegesi. Inani lokucindezela elinikezwa yi-molecule yegesi odongeni olunendawo enqamulayo u-A yileli:
P = ingcindezi, N = inani lama-molecule egesi, m = isisindo, v = Isivinini esimaphakathi se-molecule, V = ivolumu yesitsha
